Observation, Assessment and Planning Cycle in Childcare

Observation, judgement and Planning Cycle in ChildcareGurcharan PallExplain the poster, assessment and inventionning cycle.The process of effective planning notice and assessment is a vital factor in revealing kidrens single(a) needs concerns and abilities. In order to plan for their larn and development. This process has been recommended by early(a) Years (2013) and this involves the practicians observeing a lead step cycle which consists of planning, observation, and assessment.The practiti unitaryr will discuss each stage of the cycle and its practical application to the baby birds several(prenominal) needs. Every peasant whatever their place setting or circumstances has the right to support, which they need to enjoy and achieve and make a absolute contribution. (Every Child Matters 2003.)With the use of planning observation and assessment the practitioner tin support the learning and development requirements for each squirt in their care.The cycle follows three stairs.STEP 1 PLANNINGPlanning every area of learning and development is important to attend the frys achievement The Practitioner should follow identified observation and assessment of the child through relevant play through a range of mixed adult led and child initiated activities. mistreat 2ObservationThe second stage is of observation which looks at the part of process that helps practitioners learn close to the individual children .Observation may also identify the decelerate areas of the childs development which would signal that additional support may be required. A good point. There are cardinal types of observations which are black-tie and spontaneous. More information mint be cool from spontaneously observing the child, as without prior warning, the child will be playing naturally. Formal observation may find the child nervous and self-conscious and they may not play or interact, therefore no observation can then divvy up place. Formal observation is more directed towards observing the childs development of a finical task/skill or the child commiserates and knowledge. tread 3ASSESSMENT sound judgment plays an important part in helping parents, carers and practitioners to recognise childrens progress, understand their needs and to plan activities and support (Early Years 2013) The two types of assessment use are formative assessment and summational assessment. Firstly formative assessment is an on-going childrens assessment. (CHILD bewilderMENT) This is gone by the practitioner observing the child on a regular basis for example play beat on a weekly basis. The second assessment is the additive assessment and this is the evidence that is collected though the formative assessment over a period of while. These assessments are used to review the development progress of children against meowed development on milestones REFFor example, the child is formatively assessed a weekly basis dewing play and building blocks. The summative assessment w ill be that the childs development has improved, as the child can now not only connect the building blocks together but over a period of time the building blocks have progressed and the child can now build walls to make a building. There are showing their development.EFFECTIVE PLANNING(WRITE IN ESSAY FORM) is based on regular, a curate assessment of childrens learning,Knowledge and skills reflects supports and challenges childrens current interest,Enthusiasms and their learning and development is a flexible, working document, which is responsive to spontaneous events enables all practitioners to contribute, understand and articulate why experiences have been planned enables children, parents and practitioners to have a voice in the planning processPLANNING IN PRACTICE- KEY ELEMENTSProvide opportunities for individual childrens emerging needs, interests and stage of development based on previous observations and evaluationsIdentify appropriate link amidst experiences and EYFS devel opment statements (learning intentions)Provide interesting and dispute experiences for all children within the seven areas of learning and developmentOutdoor activities are planned and taken on a daily basisIdentifies differentiation for individual children or groups of childrenProvides a range of child initiated and adult-led experiencesIdentify high quality teaching strategies together with support and intervention that mach individual childrens needs (next steps) to ensure good progressEvaluate planned and unplanned learningReflect on learning environment to adapt and enhance provisionDESCRIBE HOW TO DEVELOP PLANNING FOR INDIVIDUAL CHILDRENPlanning when being arranged should be flexible to take into account different age group childrens different background the weather and the unexpected.The childs planning should be based upon your assessment and observation of the individual child so you can take the best steps for their further learning and development. The Development Matter s guidance is and can be a very useful tool in planning successfully the childs ability to move on to the next stage of development.There are 3 steps of planning.Long circumstance.Providing you with themes and topics you may cover over the term.All links to learning and development areas, a balance of indoor, and outdoor activities. Periods of rest and being quite are also required.Medium term.A better detailed plan of topics and themes to be covered. Consideration of other routines such as mealtimes babies sleeping times. All main resources within your settings as play areas, equipment storage areas, concur corner. A observation area for you to identify the childs needs.Short term.A weekly plan of plans, observational findings and activities to be carried out. Making reference to the childs interest .The particular ingredient of equipment or resource that may be needed the area or amount of room required, health and refuge issues that may arise. Ensure you have made arrangement s for all the different age groups, and children with disabilities and special educational needs.A good outline of the different types of planning.Long term planning will provide an overview of topics and themes practitioner will cover for children in their care however long term planning will not identify which interest children will have so any planning should be flexible to be able to adapt at last minute if required. natural activity is one of the most effective learning experiences. Weather is a very strong interesting subject for the children i.e. rain , snow, winds and sunshine many points of interest can be made from the weather many activities can be made use of, Rain, flooding control of water what rain stops you doing, Snow, warming snow building objects snowball fights to began. Wind, power of wind, moving objects leaves trees people movement, flags, sun, heat outdoor activities.The Main difference between formative and summative assessments methods is primarily the ti me scale involved in each of the assessment types.Formative Assessment is the process of obtaining factual information. Based on firsthand knowledge, gathered by the practitioner whilst spending time with the child, observing the habits and routines of the child. The Sources of information can range from photographs, videos or even conversations with the childs parents as this can highlight things that otherwise could be missed as behaviour at home can be very different for some children. The process of assessing what young children know and can do poses particular challenges for young learners. Assessing children is often unreliable, as young childrens performance is not necessarily consistent over even short periods of time. Contextual influences and ablaze states can affect how they perform on assessments. Moreover, young children develop at vastly different rates and their developmental and learning patterns can be episodic, uneven, and rapid. apprehension what children know i s important for teachers, since childrens new knowledge builds on prior knowledge. Given these factors, teachers use of formative assessment to inform instruction is an essential piece of effective pedagogy.Formative assessment is much more than repeated assessment measures over time. Formative assessment is a process, which includes a feedback loop to assist children in closing the gap between current status and desired outcomes, milestones, or goals. It informs and supports instruction while learning is taking place, by having children receive feedback from the instructor. It also includes dual sources of evidence gathered over time. The formative assessment process is not a singleevent or measurement but rather an on-going planned and intentional coif to evaluate learning with teaching. Formative assessments yield descriptive datanot necessarily judgments. It often takes the form of observational protocol using evidence collection as a means to examine childrens cognitive pro cesses. Formative assessment may be defined in different ways in state regulations and interpretations. The definition best captures the essence of formative assessment for the purposes of this brief focused on young children. It is defined as, a process used by carers for children during instruction periods that provide feedback to adjust ongoing teaching and learning, to improve childrens achievement of intended instructional outcomes.Summative Assessment is almost a conclusion of your collective knowledge gained from doing your Formative assessments, this is obviously an assessment that is done over a longer period of time as all the prerequisite Formative assessments need to be completed. This knowledge gives the practitioner the ability to make an educated verdict on the achievements of the child. The EYFS Profile is the summative assessment used to review childrens progress along the early learning goals. Summative assessment also employs a variety of tools and methods for obt aining information about what has been learned. In this way, summative assessment provides information at the early years levels. Defining characteristics of effective summative assessment include a attract alignment between assessment and instruction, as well as the use of assessments that are both valid and reliable. When objectives are clearly specified and connected to instruction, summative assessment provides information about a childrens achievement of specific learning objectives.Individual Learning Programmes can be formed from using these particular assessments, these assessments should also, supports and endeavour to comply with the ethos devised through Every Child Matters.ConclusionI can conclude that its a vital part of the process between carer/care organisations to stringently follow the observation assessment and planning cycle as this can effectively show any pitfalls in the learning and development process of the children. With formative and summative being the m ost useful and statutory assessments in situ, the only problem I find, is they can be restrictive or to slow in fully identifying issues and vital time can be lost to the carer/ organisation and the child. Flexibility by that carer/organisation is authoritative to the learning development of the children and individual learning programmes can be a good guideline to promote the weaknesses and turn them into strengths through focused sessions which should be reviewed as frequently as possible to ensure the childs learning does not become static and too focused on any one particular set of problems or issues, learning the childs strengths through the formative and summative methods can genuinely help create Individual learning programmes tailored to the child allowing you to improve their weaknesses through their strength i.e. a young person learns through music quicker than reading so using stresss to remember the alphabet (using strength to overcome a weakness) this is the main foc us of correctly using the above mentioned methods and adhering to the observation, assessment and planning cycle.Reference www.barniesdaynurseries.com,http//ceelo.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ceelo_policy_report_formative_assessment.pdf, segment of Education (2013)Improving the functionality and range of education and childcare from birth to 5 years, www.gov.uk/government/Updated 1st Sep 2014Accessed 27th Oct 2014http//www.education.com/reference/article/formative-and-summative-assessment/Every child matters 8th September 2003 (from HM Treasury www.gov.uk/government/uploads(Presented to parliament by the chief secretary to the treasury by command of her majesty September 2003)Observation, Assessment and planning cycleStatutory framework for the early years foundation stage DFE 2014Ref united nations (1989)convention on the rights of the child, united nations, networkChildeminding and Ofsted effective practice observation, planning

How Pizza Hut Expand Their ICT Technology Information Technology Essay

How pizza pie Hut Expand Their ICT Technology Information Technology EssayThorough research of their ict system on store level sort of than doing it on higher level to get in touch with customers and staff need, because the main reason for keep improving their systems is to get to a greater extent than than customers and to get more gross sales.There are still some flaws in their system.Problems that needs sortingSystem doesnt update automatic eachy if it does it allows really long time.Keep changing the functions of their systems both two months.Not enough training for staff.Conclusion pizza pie hut has seen many changes, good and bad during its duration of the calling. But they knew as long as their merchandise is up to certain standard they will pull through with every challenge they face in marketing, they have an opportunity to improve their marketing style with the help of Ict.There is still a question mark over the engine room that pizza hut uses. A time will upris e when they have think about changing their strategy and how they view their ict development. In coordinate to keep up with todays environment.ObjectivesTo find out how pizza hut, expand their ict technology in marketing and how it help them topple their competitorsThe purpose of this paper is to explore the role that ICT use in marketing plays in the processes of product innovation, as an grammatical constituent that strengthens the cooperation and communication among seasonnts within the innovation project, reducing the difficulties to innovation and enhancing the development of differentiated products.FindingsTwo ideas stand out from the critical analysis of ict use in marketing.First, intensifier ICT use in marketing makes the company more innovative, as it shows that its usage breaks down difficulty to innovation and speeds up processes that in turn become more efficient.Second, Increasing ICT use in marketing encourages company tendency to act as a team with and join toget her particular agents within the business environment in the development of the innovation process, improving the amount of adaptation of the new product to market demands.BACKGROUNDPizza Hut was founded in 1958 by brothers Dan and Frank Carney in their hometown of Kansas. By 1972, with 314 stores nationwide, Pizza Hut went public on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1978, Pizza Hut was acquired by PepsiCo, who later withal bought KFC and Taco Bell. In 1997, the three restaurant chains were spun take out into Tricon, and in 2001 joined with Long John Silvers and AW Restaurants to become Yum BrandsINTRODUCTIONWith annual sales of more than 300 million, selling pizza and pasta is big business for Pizza Hut. With customers facing an ever-increasing choice of restaurants, all offering a variety of foods and competitively priced meals, Pizza Hut must remain flexible and customer focused to retain its market leading position.New product developments and continued growth of its 600 outlets are solely two ways in which the company stays ahead. Pizza Hut also recognises the importance of IT to take hold the Business and invests in technology both to persist its operations and to provide management information.Benefits of ICTWith the new system in place, Pizza Huts goal of improving the overall effectiveness of its crew has been achieved. Customers are now served more quickly than before especially during peak times such as lunch when they have only limited time available. Pizza Hut brush off currently provide its main food servers with a mobile computer, objet dart other personnel carry out supporting tasks, such as preparing drinks and helping dishes. Food servers with a PDA are now able to be much closer to customers and be of assistance when needed, keeping customers happy and satisfied.ICT SUPPORT association FOR PIZZA HUTSince 1992 Pizza Hut has relied upon Sopra Group to provide daily support and strategic management services for their key financial and op erational systems.By outsourcing the support and management of their main IT systems, Pizza Hut has noted definite signs of cost saving. Pizza Hut has renewed agreement on several do to get services from them due to the specialist skills and value for money provided.Since taking responsibility for Pizza Huts IT operations, Sopra Group also combined day to day systems support with development of new applications and strategic .consultancy. The Sopra Group provide technical foul and business skills to develop Pizza Huts Data Warehouse. The Data Warehouse holds details of food sales throughout the outlets and enables the restaurant chains business managers to analyse customer demands and preference to target special promotions and offers.ICT Managers remarks With Sopra Group we have access to a much wider technical knowledge base. We have the reassurance that for detailed and complex questions and programming requirements, we can call Sopra Group, freeing us to focus on the business. With their technical know-how and experience of managing our systems, we have authorisation that the consultants can handle such a complex project.What does company cover?Sopras department doesnt just cover the head office its responsible for all the systems crossways all the restaurants too. From carrying out PC support, they are also covers all sorts of IT projects from setting up through to delivery. This might include looking at the processes surrounding cuss reconciliations, maintaining pizza huts infrastructure or developing the company intranet as a business device,SYSTEMS THEY USEMICROS/EPSONPA962PDATOUCH SCREEN MONITORSDNA/ONLINE ORDERING to begin with implementing its new wireless system, order-taking was rather time consuming and could lead to mistakes such as incorrect orders world served to customers. The food servers used to take handwritten orders while a good deal also preparing and serving drinks at the customers table. Only after serving the table was food ser ver able to deliver the handwritten order to the kitchen. And because these orders were often quickly written down, this could result in an order being wrongly made by the kitchen staff.In order for taking hand written order it was taking up more time was the fact that the cashier was required to key the orders into the system when customers were checking out. This procedure could also result in wrong items being entered, potentially resulting in a loss of business or a poor level of customer satisfaction.The new solution made it possible to take orders at the table using Unitechs PA962 wireless terminal. With the use of wireless communication, orders are sent from the PA962 via an intermediate server to the POS systems, as well as to the different dress stations such as bar and kitchen for preparing appetizers and main courses. Each work station has its own network printer for printing the assigned order.As everyone knows pizza hut is leading with continuous menu innovation and di fferent type of pizzas. The system pizza hut was using since 1980 was showing was showing sign of age especially in its ability to do in store work properly and helping management decision making, thats why they had to change it to bring It up to date. To get an advantage over their rivals, they approached quite a lot of system providers with 6 short listed to provide them the system they can be comfortable with. At the end they decided to go for micros Fidelio. But there were some aspect that they had to change in order to fulfil that agreement they had with pizza hut. By 2005 all pizza hut delivery stores were using micros as their system and all the new restaurants.DNA/ONLINE ORDERINGDNA is currently used to service 370 Pizza Hut restaurants across the UK.By utilizing DNAs report functions, the Pizza Hut marketing team has access to management information, which is also shared with other departments such as marketing and business development.IntranetIntranet is a secure way of co mmunication between the head office and store level rather than compromising their security by using internet. Pizza hut intranet is very useful where you can find all the standards, contact details, new developments on marketing and plans for future. All the training of the pizza hut is on intranet rather then sending it by post they just post it on intranet so everyone can benefit from it.IMPORTANCE OF ICT IN MARKETINGAs the growing demands of business and furious competition between competitors heats up everyone is trying to get an edge to persuade customers that they are value for money. In that kind of scenario ict plays a major role, because everyones busy in their life thats why fast food business is booming in recession as well. Customers dont inadequacy to spend really long on phones whilst the order takers take really long to process their order. Thats why an up to date and fast system requires delightful customers need.ONE STOP FOR ALLHere are some examples that how piz zas hut is using their system to their full advantage.Scheduling/forecastingDetermine peak and off peak seasonBalanced score cardLeaflet distributionPerformance managementProduct forecasting

Defining The Concept Of Terrorism

Defining The Concept Of TerrorismThe phenomenon of terrorism has constrain a major concern of the inter case community. It is elevated to the fore most(prenominal) foreign policy problem of the states. The terrorists strength is growing day by day. The new and faster modes of theodolite and communication technologies slang made it easier for the terrorists to reach their targets and strike them without well-nigh(prenominal) difficulty. This has magnified the threat of terrorism and made it more sinister than it has been in the past.Although the menace is really dangerous and terribly affecting our daily lives, the states and even the academics have so far failed to comprehensively make up mavens mind and build a consensus on the limit terrorism. The analysts example difficulty when it is considered that some forms and classes of terrorism argon justifiable whereas early(a)s atomic number 18 non.1This article is an effort to highlight the complexities in defining terror ism, and to find out some ship jackpotal to reach at least a pickial consensus among states. The article is divided into four parts. The first part focuses on the definitional problems as far as the precondition terrorism is concerned. In the second part an attempt has been made to distinguish amongst terrorism and freedom chip. The third part deals with the changing meaning and genius of terrorism over a period of time. And the last part discusses some pr performical approaches to reach a partial consensus over the definition of terrorism.II. PROBLEMS IN delineate TERRORISMWho will define terrorism? A victim state or a society, a stronger state, whatsoever inter raceal or regional organization, or the Super Power? Terrorism is a relative term and expresses polar meanings to different large number. To Israel terrorism essence when a suicide bomber blows himself up in a market place. To Palestinians, it means when Israeli troops bulldoze a house or shoot stone-throwing ki ds. India views Pakistan sponsored militancy in Kashmir as terrorism. On the other hand, overwhelming majority of the Kashmiris calls it freedom fighting and resorts to the use of brutal force by the Indian troops as state terrorism.Terrorism is sometimes in good order or sometimes improperly apply as a synonym of rebellion, insurrection, guerrilla warfare, coup detat, civil strife, or any of many other cerebrate terms that produces fear or terror. Most of the times, much(prenominal) needadaisical and random use of the term may make the understanding of the specific meaning and temperament of terrorism more murky and intricate.Although the literature on terrorism offers plenty of definitions, most of them give a in truth narrow vision of the concept of terrorism. tour some view terrorism in political terms, others insist that it should be defined in legal terms. Still some believe that it is link with morality. Undoubtedly, academics working on terrorism have helped understa nd the problem, but their contributions have non even materialized to create a consensus among the political circles. The academics themselves are divided on the very particulars of the concept.Experts on terrorism, such as, E.V. Walter2, Grant Wardlaw3, Leonard Weinberg4, Steven Spiegel5, Thomas Mathieseu6and Richard Overy7have all defined terrorism in the political context. (See Box 1). For them, terrorism is mainly a sophisticated military chemical group, politically exploited by a group or organization with a religious, ideological or ethnic appeal.Box 1 Definitions on terrorismTerrorism is a process of terror having three elements the act or threat of violence, the emotional reaction to extreme fear on the part of the victims or potential victims, and the social effects that follow the violence (or its threat) and the consequent fear. (E.V. Walter 1969)Political terrorism is a sustained policy involving the waging of unionized terror either on the part of the state, a move ment or faction, or by a small group of individuals. (Grant Wardlaw 1982)Terrorism is a politically motivated abomination int finish uped to modify the behavior of a target audience. (Leonard Weinberg 1989)Terrorism is the use of violence by an individual or group, designed to create extreme foreboding in a target group larger than the immediate victims, with the purpose of coercing that group into meeting certain political demands. (Steven Spiegel 1995)Terrorism is violent and impulsive action consciously directed towards civilians, with a political or ideological goal more or less clearly in mind. (Thomas Mathieseu 2002)Terror is not an organization or a single force. It is related to a variety of political confrontations, each of which has to be understood in its own terms. (Richard Overy 2004)However, political biases ontogenesis difficulties in defining the term because of its subjective genius. The subjectivism is captured in a popular saying that one mans terrorist is an other mans freedom fighter, for whom terrorism is a calculated manoeuvre of the weak against the strong and established authority. The problem is how can one get out of this relativist snarl?Similarly, the US State Department in its annual document, called, Patterns of planetary terrorism, defines terrorism as politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or c dry landestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.8The problem with this definition is that it does not clearly explain non-combatants, and the perpetrators, according to the definition, are non-state actors (sub-national groups and clandestine agents), small-arm exclude the state terrorism. Moreover, the interpretation of political motivations is very broad.Some intellectuals have tried to define terrorism in legal terms and consider it a criminal act. J. Dugard notes that when a person commits an act which threatens the stability of other states or undermin es the international order, he ceases to be a political offender and hold outs a criminal under international law, like the pirate or hijacker.9But the problem with legal definitions is that they completely ignore the political aspects of violence. Treating a terrorist as a criminal undermines the legitimacy of political violence. In other words, the political notion in any terrorist application cannot be discarded, which, again, becomes the major source of confrontation to reach an international consensus on the definition of the term terrorism.The moral connotations of terrorism have further divided the experts between mightily and wrong. Do all the nations take moral values uniformly or in that location are different patterns and orders of priority? Moreover, in this world of causality politics, where states give priority to their national interests, what will be the extent of relationship between moral values and power? The common observation is that states are slow to gi ve equal status to non-state actors which challenge their authority, and try to deal with them sternly by using brutal force.There are five major problems in defining the term terrorism and building a consensus. The first major problem faced by the academics and even the nations in defining terrorism is the relativist enmesh of the concept. For one it is a freedom fighting, while for the other it is terrorism. This aspect in defining the term has made the task more difficult.Second problem is related to the contents of the definition. If it is described as violence against the innocent hoi polloi or non-combatants for achieving various goals, the application of the term, then, becomes too broad. It is very difficult even to define non-combatants. What if a soldier is not on the battlefield or he is performing peacekeeping duties under the aegis of the UN, attacked by a suicide bomber of a warring faction? Or would the terrorist attack on the U.S. Pentagon Building on kinsfolk 11, 2001, not qualify as terrorist act? Moreover, the indiscriminate use of violence does not include those who employ terrorism against specific targets, such as, political assassinations.Third, when it is referred to spreading fear among the audience, one cannot distinguish between terrorism carries out by any individual, group or organization, and the state itself. This is overly a major problem in defining terrorism that all the definitions portray non-state actors as terrorists, while completely ignore terrorism perpetrated by the state. Instead, it is called as the gross violation of human rights. It is also a fact that the incumbent political regimes have used terrorism as a means of repressing elements in their populations they view as a threat, real or imagined, to the continuation of their rule.10Amalendu Guha emphasizes that the recent use of power hegemonism by certain global nations, can be regarded as state terrorism, in the sense that its symptoms, behavior and actions a s well as effects are, either the same, or, similar to the terrorism launched by fundamentalist beliefs or ideologies. Both are anti-human, anti-social and frightful.11The history is full of the tragic incidents, where state, instead of protecting its citizens, has unleashed reign of terror and has become responsible for their annihilation. The fact is that the state terrorism has killed more people as compared to terrorism by non-state actors.Fourth problem in defining the term is whether the act of terrorism is seen in terms of historical continuity or every incidence is considered as a unique in history and dealt with separately. Those who believe in the historical continuity, analyse this phenomenon since the French Revolution. They insist on the unity of terrorism throughout ages.12Others view each act a unique and absolutely different from the previous one.13So the rivalry is between the two extremes.Fifth problem in defining terrorism is whether any act of violence should be canvas by considering means or ends. As all ideologies sanctify the ends for which every mean is justified. The ideological indoctrination compels the terrorists to the righteousness of their cause and to justify any violent means to accomplish it. On the other hand, many researchers believe that the unethical means may also question the legitimacy of the cause.It is because of the above-mentioned problems in defining the term terrorism, that making plainion between terrorism and freedom fighting has become very difficult. However, there are some aspects which help differentiate between a terrorist and a freedom fighter.III. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TERRORISM AND FREEDOM FIGHTINGIt is a well-known fact that the subjectivity of the term terrorism has made it very difficult to distinguish it from freedom fighting. In this process, another difficulty is which forms of violence should be recognise as legitimate and which should not.Martha Crenshaw14opines that renewingary violence and te rrorism are two different phenomena and should not be confused with each other. The activities of freedom fighters cannot always be termed as terrorism, because their target is the repressive government.John Gearson raises some apposite questions What, if anything, is legitimate dissent using violent means? When is being a freedom fighter acceptable?15Labeling any group terrorist is very difficult especially when the same group becomes the part of the negotiation process, and the governments have to sign peace deals with them. Nelson Mandela himself has provided perhaps the most satisfying answer to this perennial question. Pointing out that many people once described as terrorists are leading governments today, Mandela says When you succeed people are prepared to accept you and have dealings with you as head of state. You become a terrorist if your aims and objectives fail.16In my opinion, the distinction between freedom fighting and terrorism must be made on the grounds of the l egitimacy of the movement for independence, recognized by the UN. Article 1(2) of the UN Charter recognizes the right of self-determination of the peoples. It emphasizes the respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of the peoples17Article 7 of the Definition of Aggression follow by the General Assembly in 1974 authenticates the right of self-determination. It statesNothing in this definition, and in particular Article 3 (which gives an inventory of the acts that are regarded as aggression) could in any way prejudice the right of self-determination, freedom, and independence, as derived from the Charter, of peoples forcibly deprived of that right and referred to in the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, oddly peoples under colonial and racist regimes or other forms of alien domination or the right of these peoples to struggle to that e nd and seek and receive support.18Similarly, Article 12 of the International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages (1979), which came into force on June 3, 1983, clearly recognizes the means used by the people for their right of self-determination. It statesThe Convention shall not apply to an act of hostage-taking committed in the course of armed conflicts as defined in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Protocols thereto, including armed conflicts mentioned in article 1, paragraph 4, of Additional Protocol of 1977, in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination and alien occupation and against racist regimes in the exercise of their right of self-determination, as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.19The spill movements are deprecated as terrorists by the governments against which the struggles for independence are conducted. While analyzing the independent movements in Kashmir and Palestine, one may disagree over the means it is beyond any doubt that both the movements are recognized by the UN. Terming these movements terrorist may also undermine and question the legitimacy of the UN itself. So, one can say, here, that the movements for freedom fighting are those movements whose legitimacy is recognized by the UN.Besides this, in both the cases, the role of state is very repressive and brutal. Both India and Israel have illegitimately occupied the land of the Kashmiris and the Palestinians respectively. Moreover, both states, since the inception of disputes, have been continuously denying the right of self-determination to these people. For this, they have also completely ignored the UN resolutions.So, if anyone calls struggle movements in Kashmir and Palestine as terrorists, it not only refutes the UN resolutions, which give right of self-determinations to the oppressed nations, but also legitimizes the power of the strong over the weak. According to Moulaye el-Hassen, the former Mauritanian Ambassador, The term terrorist could hardly be held to apply to persons who were denied the most elementary human rights, dignity, freedom and independence, and whose countries objected to foreign occupation.20Now the question arises why is there no consensus on the definition of terrorism? The most convincing reason is that the meaning and nature of terrorism have frequently been convertd over a period of time.IV. CHANGING NATURE / MEANING OF TERRORISMThe lack of consensus among the nations on the definition of terrorism has caused a continuous dislodge in its nature and meaning. According to Jonathan White, the rise of modern terrorism in the West is united to the struggle for freedom in the Western World in the 1700s and early 1800s when most Europeans did not enjoy freedom, and America was still only an experiment. A change in social perceptio ns and actions, however, revolutionized the system and structure of Western governments. Many forms of violence accompanied the struggle for democracy terrorism was one of them.21The popular use of the term terrorism occurred during the French Revolution. Contrary to todays usage, terrorism at that time was seen in a positive context. The Jacobins reign of terror was purely a political in nature, which was a deviation from the old sacred terrorism. Also, that terrorism was unleashed by the State to protect the Revolution on the basis of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.The terrorism during French revolution provided a model to the other revolutionary groups in Europe to use it as a strategy to transform their societies as they wished. But the failure of the 1830 and 1848 revolutions compelled the revolutionaries to change their strategy. However, the use of force to bring any revolution remained the main weapon at the hands of revolutionaries.The 19th century witnessed the rise of n ationalist movements, which struggled against the colonial powers for the self-government. Although the nationalists adopted violent means to achieve their objectives, unlike anarchists, they considered themselves freedom fighters. Anarchists were socially isolated, but the nationalists could hope for the possibility of greater support. Governments labeled them terrorists, but nationalists saw themselves rather as unconventional soldiers fighting in a patriotic war. They opted only the tactics of anarchists.22During the inter-war period, a new form of terrorism emerged in Europe, known as right hand terrorism. The purpose of this terrorism was to preserve the status quo. There were two important factors, which contributed to the surfacing of Right-wing terrorism in Europe. First, the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, which gave self-assurance to the socialist movements in other European countries to bring a possible change in their societies as well. So, such movements were consider ed a great threat by the respective governments and the elements which wanted to maintain status-quo. A second factor was the establishment of fascist governments in Italy and Germany during the same period. They justified violence by uprooting the communists and anti-nationalist elements in their societies.The preponderating form of violence in the post-War period, aimed at either de-colonization or social revolution, was rural-based guerrilla warfare.23The major success stories were those of Mao-Tse-tung in China, Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam, and Fidel Castro in Cuba. But there were also less publicized failures. Guerrilla insurgencies were defeated in Greece, Malaya, and the Philippines. In some of these instances, both the successful and unsuccessful, terrorism was used by those groups pursuing national liberation (Vietnam) or social revolution (Greece).24During 1960s and 1970s, the world witnessed this sudden upsurge in the form of Left-wing terrorism. This confused the experts on political terrorism, who saw terrorism as a new and unprecedented phenomenon, something that was essentially a response to injustice.25This meant that the focus was on to address the root causes of terrorism, which could be political, economic, social or religious grievances.The end of Cold War was followed by an eruption of religious terrorism in a large number of countries, particularly in the Middle East, South and Central Asia. The Soviet disintegration provided an inspiration to the Islamic movements particularly in South and Central Asian regions to launch an organized offense against their respective states to 1) seek freedom 2) capture the state apparatus and 3) replace the old communist system with the new Islamic order. The vacuum, which was created because of the Soviet disappearance, also provided a great amount of solidarity among the Islamics all over the world as it gave them a confidence that they were the main force behind the disintegration of the Soviet Union.Fur thermore, the American neglect to Afghanistan after the Soviet withdrawal in 1989, added to the already existing political chaos. Out of this situation, the Taliban emerged as an organized political force with the support of Pakistan and to some extent Saudi Arabia. Afghanistan under the Taliban proved to be a place for socializing Islamic radicals from all over the world.The Saudi-born millionaire and Afghan war veteran, Osama Bin Laden, was one of them who took refuge in Afghanistan under the Taliban government. He had resentments against the Saudi Royal family for permitting the Americans to stay on the holy soil after the Gulf War in 1991. As his criticism against the Royal family got severe, he was compelled to flee Saudi Arabia. His nationality was cancelled. The stateless Osama then entered Sudan. But under the U.S. pressure, Sudan expelled him in 1996. Then he moved to Afghanistan, where the Taliban government was late established.To run the state machinery, the new governm ent badly needed financial assistance, which was provided by Osama and his organization, Al-Qaeda. Consequently, Osamas influence on the Taliban leadership increased. In a unique sense, Afghanistan became a terrorist-sponsored state. Taking advantage of his influence, Osama not only established links with other militant groups in Pakistan, Egypt and other Muslim countries, but also posed himself as a highly religious figure, who could issue a fatwa (Islamic ruling). In 1998, he issued a fatwa, stating, To kill Americans and their allies, both civil and military, is an individual duty of every Muslimuntil their armies, shattered and broken-winged, depart from all the lands of Islam, incapable of dense any Muslim.26Since then, a series of terrorist attacks can be observed on the U.S. civil and military installations. The September 11 catastrophe could be seen in this connection, though Al-Qaeda did not take the responsibility of it.The September 11 incident has further changed the me aning and nature of terrorism. The incident has characterized terrorism as international with religious orientation. The purpose of these groups is not only to overthrow their respective governments, but also to establish a worldwide authority on the basis of their own religious interpretation.Today, terrorism has become very lethal and destructive. Technological changes in the fields of transport, military and communication have added to the strength of terrorists. In such a scenario, it is indispensable to evolve a consensus, at least partial one, over the definition of terrorism.V. HOW TO REACH A CONSENSUS around PRACTICAL APPROACHESThe world has now entered a New Age of Terrorism.27Three important factors confirm this hypothesis. First, the terrorists are equipped with deadly weapons and sophisticated technology at their disposal. Second, the religious orientation has compelled them to believe the rightness of their cause. In other words, the ideology and cause of the terroris t group or organization attracts the potential terrorists to join it. Third, the transcendence of national boundaries has further complicated the issue.In the presence of such emerging threats, it is necessary to evolve a working definition with little disagreement. Although it is extremely difficult for the nation states to compromise over their national interests, still there must be some starting point because there is almost a consensus among the states that the modern transnational religious terrorism is the major threat to the world peace and stability.To begin with, it is the responsibility of the academics to provide some basic roadmap which can help the states reach a consensus on the definition of the term terrorism. First, the academics task is not to label any individual or a group as terrorist but to objectively analyze circumstances which compel the weaker to take arms against the stronger. In doing so, we consciously or unconsciously put all the freedom fighters into the category of terrorist, as well as we also question their legitimacy. This must be kept in mind that a freedom fighter can be distinguished from a terrorist on the basis of the legitimacy and mass support to the organization and the cause. If these factors are absent, then a person or a group can be termed as a terrorist.Second, states must stop defining the term on their own, because the problem starts when two rival states or parties define terrorism by themselves and believe in the authenticity of that definition. In contrast, they should discuss and debate this issue in the UN, particularly in the General Assembly, to reach a consensus.It must be noted that there is no universal definition of terrorism that can be applied to every act of political violence. Besides, every act of violence should be analyse separately, while keeping in view the motivations of the perpetrator. It means that there must not be any generalization. While analyzing any violent act to be qualified as terrorism, following aspects need to be kept in mindIf the motives are abstract, meaning if any individual or a group aims to commit violence with the purpose of achieving goals on the basis of religious interpretation of its own.If the struggle is transnational in character, meaning affecting the political, social and economic disembodied spirit of the other country.If the struggle is not recognized by the UN.If the violence is not aimed at against the repressive government.If the target is innocent people who have nothing to do with the government policies.So, if any violent activity fulfills any one or all the five aspects, should be considered as terrorism.VI. CONCLUSIONAs discussed above, todays terrorism is distinct from the past terrorist activities and tactics. The emergence of transnational religious terrorism, coupled with the advancement in military, communication and transportation technologies, has enhanced the power of the terrorists and intensified their brutalities .Despite all such known threats and hazards, the world community is still far from reaching a consensus on the definition of terrorism. The disagreement between one mans terrorism, another mans freedom fighting is still there. A collective and mechanized effort on the part of the international community is needed to overcome this relativist entangle. A genuine understanding of the phenomenon can only be achieved if it is considered beyond the propaganda purposes, and concerted efforts are made to discuss and analyze this menace at international forums, with the consideration that terrorism is equally threatening the peace and stability of the whole world.

Self-defense in Criminal Cases Essay -- essays research papers

Self-defense in criminal cases.One of the frustrations faced by some(prenominal) businesses is that by and by the perpetrators of crimes have been identified, the District Attorneys office will not pursue the case. One option is for victims to sue the DA in an attempt to compel him to prosecute, but this would be costly and proving dereliction of duty would be difficult. The DA is effectively immune. Other options are more promising. The law should encourage (and prosecutors offices should welcome) sequestered preparation of criminal cases. Prosecutors budgets manifestly do not allow vigorous prosecution of all the available criminal cases. Logic and evidence show that in private law, plaintiffs win more or less 50 percent of the cases that are tried. This is because the parties are more likely to settle lopsided cases out of woo. Public prosecutors, by contrast, win far more than 50 percent of their trial cases because they have budget constraints and so elect whenever possib le to go to court with only the cases they are likely to win. Victims should be allowed to hire private attorneys and other professionals to prepare cases against the accused and thereby extend public prosecutors resources. The attorneys can be retained pro bono (for the good) or for compensation. This is already done in any(prenominal) white collar cases where financial complexities exceed the prosecutors expertise, such as complicated embezzlement cases, some oil and gas swindles and cases involving the misapplication of construction trust funds.At present, many cases are never prosecuted for one reason or another. For example, in about 40 percent of federal embezzlement and fraud cases, charges are dropped because of lacking(p) evidence to convict, given the resources at hand.85 In some instances prosecutors "deputize" attorneys to try cases, too. Many private attorneys have criminal experience as former prosecutors or public defenders. A logical extension of private pr eparation for trial is the complete privatization of the prosecutors job by contracting out. Private attorneys, of course, are often prescribed on a pro bono basis for criminal defense. Private attorneys could be deputized for a single trial or for ongoing prosecutors work, either pro bono or under contract.The same remedies are available to finance criminal prosecution as civil litigation. Commercial insurance policies could be exp... ...ting witnesses before a fantastic jury, or the person being investigated, has become a well orchestrated, even cynical, minuet.The first and most important task may be overcoming the cynicism of so many lawyers in and out of government to whom concern for "fairness" somehow signifies weakness. It is a cynicism that government lawyers should not have the luxury of acting upon. In reality, a loading to fairness is a highly reliable sign of strength and confidence in the merits of ones position, and it is usually those who fear the fairness of the forum who most fear outcomes ground on merit. Recently, a controversy has erupted over whether Justice Department lawyers are bound by raise codes of ethics and analogous local federal court rules of practice. The issue stems from rules that restrict contact by lawyers with parties known to be represented by counsel, including corporate parties. In essence, the government is seeking to exempt its own lawyers from state and federal court ethical restraints in ways that would go far beyond issues of witness contact. Courts, thus far, have been unsympathetic to this government effort at unilateral exemption from the rules of ethics.

Privatizing a State Run Natural Monopoly Essay -- Economics Economy Pa

A Natural Monopoly In Economics, a internal monopoly can be delimitate as an industry where the fixed cost of the capital goods is so superior that it is not profitable for a second firm to enter and compete. The reason is that the spirit of that product or service makes a single supplier more efficient than multiple, competing ones. The purpose of this essay is to discuss that the economic arguments for and against on privatizing a postulate run natural monopoly. You will find out on following contents. Main body --------- Natural monopolies are typically utilities such as water, electricity, and natural gas. It would be very expensive to build a second set of water and sewerage pipes in a city. Because this sort of service has a high fixed cost and a low variable cost. To prevent utilities from exploiting their monopolies with high prices, they are regulated by government sometime. Typically, they are allowed a fixed part of pro fit above cost. But this type of regulation can lead to inefficient high costs, since the monopoly is guaranteed a profit. To get around this problem, the government districts own the local anaesthetic utility and set up the service at cost. Another way to handle the natural monopoly is a significant shift of resources out of the state sector and into the cloistered sector. Many governments around the world have followed this policy. For State owned monopolies across the world have proven themselves unable to invest properly in infrastructure, they provide relatively expensive and inefficient services and have poor labour re... ...ises such water supply, electricity, and telecommunications will always remain monopolistic in nature. It may not matter whether they are public or private. It is only in very large markets where there are sufficient economies of scale allowing for serious argument among privately owned utilities. Conclus ion ---------- In conclusion, the arguments for privatising natural monopoly businesses are the same as for privatising any business. These monopolies usually dominate any nations national economic efficiency, approach to investment capital, innovative technology and effective management is even more important. Even after this kind of concern, we have to continue searching, through learning by doing, in order to reduce the power of monopolies on the daily lives.

DVD Vs. VCR :: essays research papers

INTRODUCTIONThis report will strive to clearly discern the differences between the average blank space Video Cassette Recorder (VCR) and the recently developed Digital Video Disc ( moving picturedisc) system. These two family line entertainment components have very clear differences. It is important for consumers to carefully consider each of these concerns before deciding on the home entertainment component that is right for them.When considering the purchase of a home VCR or DVD system, consumers should carefully examine the varying costs of the two components. If cost is a concern, consumers should pay special attention to the purchase price of both systems, as wellspring as the cost of movies and maintenance. A second consideration of consumers when choosing between VCR and DVD should be the video and audio quality. Various technical factors can modify the quality of both picture and sound in both of these systems, making picture and audio quality a major consideration when shopping for home entertainment components.A final consideration that consumers should give special attention is the accessibility of the systems. In todays growing entertainment market, the difficulty in accessing video and DVD movies can play a large part in the decision of which component is right for the consumer.METHODSThe beginning of any research project is in the decision of a topic to research. I chose to research the differences between the VCR and DVD home entertainment systems because the intricacies of the systems and the ways in which they work greatly touch me. I began my work using ordinary encyclopedias, found in the Rosewood High School branch of the Wayne County Public Library. Due to the technical nature of my topics, in that location was very little information in the encyclopedias dealing with these topics. While I did receive some information on the background of home entertainment systems, in particular the VCR, most of my research had to be found from ot her sources.I continued my research into the differences between these two systems, using the Microsoft Encarta Multimedia Encyclopedia. Through this source, I discovered a great deal of information on how the VCR works. However, little information was to be found on the DVD home entertainment system. For this information, I was oblige to search the Internet, where a wealth of information exists. After a general search for DVD, I found several web sights discussing the pros and cons of DVD, as well as the intricacies of how it operates.After making notes of all of the information I had gathered, I proceeded to sort the notes into separate groups dealing with the VCR and DVD.

The Character of Hester Prynne in The Scarlet Letter Essay -- Papers N

The Character of Hester Prynne in The Scarlet LetterHester Prynne, a character within The Scarlet Letter, is a prime example of Hawthornes common break of individuals within his books. These mutations involve the qualities and attributes of her physical appearance, feminine emotions, and reputation among the townspeople. Throughout the novel, the mentioned elements of Hesters character develop and salmagundi several times, providing the reader with better understanding of the influence that the flushed letter and other characters have on her.In the beginning of the novel, the reader is presented with a physical appearance of Hester that is pleasing to the visual eye. It is Hawthorne describes his heroine of the book by musical composition that She had dark and abundant hairfacebeautifulfeatures and richness of complexiondeep black eyes (51). Over time, these attributes faded and the attractiveness of her person had undergonechangesad transformationluxuriant haircut offhiddensome attribute had departed from her, the permanence of which had been essential to keep her ...