Dictionary Definition and Examples

A dictionary is a reference book or online resource containing an alphabetical list of words, with the information given for each word. Etymology:Â  From the Latin, to say Examples and Observations S.I. HayakawaThe writing of a dictionary . . . is not a task of setting up authoritative statements about the true meanings of words, but a task of recording, to the best of ones ability, what various words have meant to authors in the distant or immediate past. The writer of a dictionary is a historian, not a lawgiver. If, for example, we had been writing a dictionary in 1890, or even as late as 1919, we could have said that the word broadcast means to scatter (seed, for example), but we could not have decreed that from 1921 on, the most common meaning of the word should become to disseminate audible messages, etc., by radio transmission. To regard the dictionary as an authority, therefore, is to credit the dictionary writer with gifts of prophecy which neither he nor anyone else possesses. In choosing our words when we speak or write, we can be guided by the historical record afforded us by the dictionary, but we cannot be bound by it. Looking under a hood, we should ordinarily hav e found, five hundred years ago, a monk; today, we find a motorcar engine.Stephen FryeA dictionary is an observatory, not a conservatory.R.L. Trask[T]he familiar notion that a word of English exists only if it is in the dictionary is false. A word exists if people use it. But that word may fail to appear in a particular dictionary published at a particular time because it is too new, or too specialized, or too localized, or too much confined to a particular social group to make it into that edition of the dictionary.Thomas JeffersonDictionaries are but the depositories of words already legitimated by usage. Society is the work-shop in which new ones are elaborated. The First English Dictionary David WolmanMany people mistakenly credit [Samuel] Johnson with writing the first English dictionary. That achievement belongs to a man named Cawdrey, who, 150 years before Johnson, published A Table Aphabetical. It was only 144 pages and defined some 2,500 dificult words; the rest people were just supposed to know. With its emphasis on boosting vocabulary, Cawdreys book is a lot like modern-day titles that help you pump up your word aresenal before attacking the SAT or waging war in the corporate world. Dictionaries and Usage Steven PinkerAlthough dictionaries are powerless to prevent linguistic conventions from changing, this does not mean . . . that they cannot state the conventions in force at a given time. That is the rationale behind the American Heritage Dictionary’s Usage Panel--which I chair--a list of 200 authors, journalists, editors, academics, and other public figures whose writing shows that they choose their words with care. Every year they fill out questionnaires on pronunciation, meaning, and usage, and the Dictionary reports the results in Usage Notes attached to entries for problematic words, including changes in repeated ballotings over the decades. The Usage Panel is meant to represent the virtual community for whom careful writers write, and when it comes to best practices in usage, there can be no higher authority than that community. The Limitations of Dictionaries Keith Denning[E]ven the largest dictionaries cant capture every possible word in the language. The number of possible word combinations of word elements like pre-, pter, and scope and the innumerable amount of speaking and writing done in English require that dictionary editors restrict themselves to listing only the most frequent words in a language, and even then, only those used over a substantial period of time. Dictionaries are therefore always at least slightly out of date and inaccurate in their descriptions of the languages stock of words. In addition, the use of many words is restricted to specific domains. For example, medical terminology involves a tremendous number of words unfamiliar to those outside the medical community. Many of these terms never enter general dictionaries of the language and can only be found in specialized medical dictionaries.David Skinner[M]y recent affair with lexicography has left me certain of a couple of things.One is that no dictionary contain s every word in the language. Even an unabridged dictionary is, well, abridged. The sciences, medicine and technology generate gobs of words that never make it into a dictionary; numerous foreign words that appear in English-language contexts are left out. A great many words are invented all the time, whether for commercial reasons or to amuse one’s friends or to insult one’s enemies, and then they simply vanish from the record.Another is that dictionary users and dictionary makers sometimes have very different notions of what a dictionary is for. One may think of it as a legal code for language; the other considers it a very partial report. One wants unambiguous answers about spelling and meaning and grammar and usage; the other aims for neutrality, and the more serious he or she is, the more wary the person is of imposing his or her own notions of good English on the language itself.​ Advantages of Online Dictionaries R.L.G.Macmillan, a publishing company, has announced that it will no longer print dictionaries. And yet it has announced this with a tone not of sadness, but excitement: exiting print is a moment of liberation, because at last our dictionaries have found their ideal medium. Michael Rundell, the editor-in-chief, makes a compelling case. Updating the print edition takes five years, while new words are constantly entering the language, and existing words are finding new meanings. Space constraints limit the dictionarys actual value.And the points in favor of electronic dictionaries are even more compelling than the case against printed ones. Hyperlinks allow for quick learning about related items. Audio pronunciations beat out transcriptions in obscure formats. Photos and even videos are a snap to include. Blogs and other meta-content enrich the experience. Electronic data storage has already revolutionised lexicography. Huge searchable corpora of text allow dictionary-makers to find ea rlier and rarer words and usages than ever before. To have vast, rich and growing data going into the dictionary, and a bound and static product coming out, seems absurd. The Lighter Side of Dictionaries Dave BerryIf you have a big enough dictionary, just about everything is a word.Ogden NashSeated one day at the dictionary I was pretty weary and also pretty ill at ease,Because a word I had always liked turned out not to be a word at all, and suddenly I found myself among the vs.And suddenly among the vs I came across a new word which was a word called velleity,So the new word I found was better than the old word I lost, for which I thank my tutelary deity . . .. Pronunciation: DIK-shun-air-ee

Essay On Shakespeare s Beowulf And Anglo Saxon Society

Role of Women in Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon Society Beowulf, the hero of Anglo-Saxon epic, had many adventures, and many companions and fellow-warriors are mentioned throughout his story. Some of them seem noble and courageous, truly living up to the standards of their culture; some seem cowardly. But all have gained immortality in the words, many times transcribed and translated, of the famous epic. However, the women of the time are rarely mentioned in Beowulf. Still, even from those few women who are mentioned and from other documents of the era, it is possible to see the position of women in of Anglo-Saxon society. In many cases, they enjoyed more rights than women in later Medieval cultures. Both Wealhtheow, Hrothgar s queen,†¦show more content†¦Another indication of the power wielded by queens is the respect accorded to Hygd. She is beautiful, wise and young. Beowulf gives her the necklace that Wealhtheow had given him as well as three horses. That may have been a gesture meant to win her support within the court. Page states that the queen or noble lady of real life must often have acted a diplomatic part like this [Wealhtheow s requests], and have been a force to reckon with, and that the diplomatic marriage , linking nations or great families, was common...and the daughter of a royal house must often have been used to heal enmity between peoples or to cement friendship. However, those diplomatic marriages were not always successful. Freawaru s marriage fails to heal the enmity between the Danes and the Heathobards, as does the marriage of the princess Hildburh, whose tale is told by the scop at Hrothgar s banquet. Still, at least by the eleventh century, the bride had to agree to the marriage for it to be lawful (Gies 106). Most likely, that provision was in effect earlier, even if it was not spelled out in law. Further legal rights of Anglo-Saxon women included the right to own property. (Beowulf gives the necklace and horses to Hygd, specifically, and other gifts to Hygelac.) They could inherit property from husbands, brothers, sisters, children parents and other relations. In fact, men were required by law to provide for their widows in their wills, and surviving wills show noShow MoreRelatedAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 PagesChristian utopia Genre/Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · sermons, diaries personal narratives captivity narratives jeremiads written in plain style Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · instructive reinforces authority of the Bible and church Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · a person s fate is determined by God all people are corrupt and must be saved by Christ Rationalism / Age of Enlightenment period of American Literature - 1750-1800 Content: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · national mission and American character democratic utopia use of reasonRead MoreChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 Pageschildren’s literature is a constant battle of dulcis et utile (or, pleasure and instruction) and (2) children’s literature is a site of multiplicity and intertextuality that absorbs and assimilates anything it likes. 2. Early History In order for a society to produce a substantial body of childrens literature it must recognize the existence of children as an important and distinctive category of readers with separate needs and interests. Despite Philippe Arià ¨ss much debated assertion that childhood

Security Issues in Software Defined Networks - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSecurity Issues in Software Defined Networks. Answer: Introduction The rise of SDN has started critical enthusiasm for re-examining the established ways to deal with system engineering as well as design. The SDN is an idea, which is totally to break the customary networks or systems where the switches chooses the activities to do. The Software Defined Networking makes it conceivable to deal with an in-place network in the software, by composing programs that change the network exercises to run well with particular applications and conditions. The SDN software engineers manage a few intricacies identified with two-layered design, low level functions and occasion reordering . Security Issues or challenges in Software Defined Networks The integrity and security of SDN stay problematic, especially with the controller that is a solitary purpose of disappointment. The security should be everywhere within the SDN. As indicated by Bindra, the SDN security should be incorporated with the engineering, and additionally be conveyed to the administration to ensure the accessibility, honesty, and protection of every single associated asset along with the information (Bindra, Sood, 2016). Beyond the design itself, how the safety of SDN ought to be sent, overseen, and controlled in the SDN situation is still particularly up for snatches. There are contending approaches that some trust security is appropriately installed in the system, while others believe that it is appropriately implanted in servers, stockpiling and other registering gadgets. In any case, the arrangements are intended to make a situation that is more adaptable, effective, and secure (Benzekki, El Fergougui, Elbelrhiti Elalaoui, 2016). Another class is devel oping for the safety security inside the cutting bound conditions called SDSec, which conveys to organize the security authorization by isolating the safety control level from the safety preparing as well as sending planes, like the manner SDN concrete the network control level from the causing level. The outcome is a dynamic appropriated framework that virtualizes the system security requirement work, scales similar to virtual machines as well as overseen like a solitary, coherent system. The safety or security challenges for SDN vary in a few regards from those of the traditional networks because of the particular system execution as well as SDN's inalienable control as well as programmability attributes. For example, the idea of consistently brought together control may uncover a progression of high-esteem advantages for attackers or hackers while the capability to straightforwardly get the access to the control plane outcomes in another assault surface. And for SDN, numerous vul nerability investigations have been executed and a few of these attentions are implemented on OpenFlow convention (Channegowda, Nejabati, Simeonidou, 2013). According to Duan, the Software Defined Networking group is extremely mindful of the issue (Duan, Ansari, Toy, 2016). The Open Networking Center, steward, has distributed a paper in the 2016 that distinguished the two possible SDN security challenges or issues, or roads of conceivable attackers that the organization must address. The focused controller is the "Expected single intention of assault as well as the failure of the network. The Southbound user interface, for instance, OpenFlow among the information-sending gadgets and controller are helpless against the dangers that could debase the accessibility, execution and honesty of the whole network (Cui, Yu, Yan, 2016). As indicated by Khondoker, the first thing which comes from customers about the SDN is that they see security challenges in the SDN as an inhibitor to the SDN (Dayal, Maity, Srivastava, Khondoker, 2016). The Software Defined Networking controller is the prime focus for programmers since it is both, an essential i ssue of consequence in the network as well as the potential main issue for the failure of the network. I believe that my posts have completely contributed to help the readers to get knowledge about the challenges of the SDN as well as I also find the summary presented by all the selected peer reviews accurate. Based on the unique SDN security challenges, this document add the SDN security principles, safety requirements for the ONF protocols, as well as the security analysis of the Software Defined Networking. There are large number of chances for the aggressor to roll out the amend to the whole supporting of the network activity conduct just by altering the controller (Farshin, Sharifian, 2017). Indeed, even conventional network administration instruments do not give the ability to progressively change the whole conduct of the network on the hub to hub basis. The Program-ability of the Software Defined Networking controllers demonstrate a twofold edged sword. The designers introduce safety applications on a entire controller's northbound user interface to create amended approaches to utilize security strategies on the network. Those concerns train the SDN controller to apply the switches and switches that it manage as a strategy execution focuses. Nonetheless, that programmable northward interface is in addition a potential imperfection. Those applications might reconstruct the system through the controller. Programmers can trap the engineers to introduce bargained applications. With adequate learning about the cordial applications moving on the SDN controller, the programmer could make the system accomplish something totally unforeseen by the system supervisor just by delivering a precisely created bundle flow to the network (LIN, WANG, 2016). One important issue that is not addressed properly in this discussion is that the assailants can focus on a network component from inside the whole network itself. An aggressor could hypothetically increase the unapproved physical and virtual access to the user network and trade off a host which is as of now associated with the SDN and afterwards attempt to perform the assaults to destabilize the components of the network. This could be a kind of DoS assault or it could be a sort of fluffing assault for attempting to assault the network elements. The Centralized Control is the other issue which is not adequately mentioned in the peers. The Centralized control or coherently brought together control has uncovered a high-esteem advantage for assailants (Muciaccia, Passaro, 2017). The assailants may endeavor to control the elementary network performance and even control or manage the whole network by deceiving or trading off a SDN controller. This is particularly from a bigger number of self-sufficient resources in a totally dispersed control domain. On the other hand, the Provability is the other issue which is also one of the biggest challenges in the SDN. This new plan of action presents the prerequisites that don't exist in the shut managerial spaces as far as securing framework honesty, outsider information and open interfaces. An aggressor could likewise use these conventions and endeavor to instantiate new streams into the gadget's stream table (Sha, He, Fu, Sun, Li, 2015). This challenge is essential, because as SDN develops, it guarantees its clear nimbleness. The correspondence specialist co-ops alike possess the capacity to essentially quicken an opportunity to convey the new applications and administration as an immediate consequence of programming characterized innovation. From a framework observing point of view, it likewise makes the connection of execution occasions, simpler and pleasing the fast on-request growth. The inescapable uptick popular f or the new procedure, network and capacity in programming characterized framework represents a hazard for checking the stages. These arrangements must have the capacity to add observing ability to suit the fast development of the framework. In case that they can't include extra limit requests, they can rapidly end up noticeably over-subscribed, making the execution imperturbability gaps. Unlike the heritage foundation in the SDN world, the users can have a different overlay topology running on top of the sensual network. According to Smelyansky, the SDN challenges put several impacts on the real life (Smelyansky, 2017). For example, in case if some employees in an organization are not focusing, it really turns into the phenomenally very high-benefit centering point for the hacker, who might be very easily trade off, change some of the users code base as well as re-script the control of the activity such that the employees ex-filtrating the information as well as reserving the information at some place where an aggressor can completely sniff it," said Smelyansky, the security expert of Voodoo and a leading employee at IANS (Smelyansky, 2017). The controller is the basic assault target as well as in this manner, it must be fully solidified. Solidifying safety standards of the entire controller along with system the system constituent normally comes down so that they host the OS solidifying. Each and every prescribed activity for solidifying the OCL servers are suitable here. Still, many associations wi ll demand to nearly control or monitor controllers in the organization for any type of suspicious activities. The associations similarly need to avert the disapproved access to the Software Defined Networking control networks (Yan, Zhang, Vasilakos, 2015). The Software Defined Networking framework ought to take into account the design of secure and validated head access to the controller. Reflection and Conclusion After this study, I have gained a lot of knowledge about the SDN challenges. It has been reflected in this study that over the recent years, the Software Defined Networking has created from only a thought to a worldview that the expansive networks administration sellers are grasping as well as taking their models for the future venture arrange administration. This innovation includes more noteworthy granularity, elements and the ability to reason the networking administration, yet raising different worries that ought to be seen from a safety point of view. With the creative new innovation comes the security worries that could without much of a stretch could go ignored. How about we investigate a couple of security-related issues to know about while executing the Software Defined Networking. The larger part of the programming characterizes and organizes the security concerns advance around the controller itself. The controller can be viewed as the brains of the exchanging or steering, which permits the control board from every framework to be halfway overseen. In any case, by giving the Software Defined Networking controller brought together an administration over system hubs to push down changes to these frameworks, it winds up noticeably basic that the security around this framework is secured. References Benzekki, K., El Fergougui, A., Elbelrhiti Elalaoui, A. (2016). Software-defined networking (SDN): a survey.Security And Communication Networks,9(18), 5803-5833. Bindra, N., Sood, M. (2016). Is SDN the Real Solution to Security Threats in Networks? A Security Update on Various SDN Models.Indian Journal Of Science And Technology,9(32). Channegowda, M., Nejabati, R., Simeonidou, D. (2013). Software-Defined Optical Networks Technology and Infrastructure: Enabling Software-Defined Optical Network Operations [Invited].Journal Of Optical Communications And Networking,5(10), A274. Cui, L., Yu, F., Yan, Q. (2016). When big data meets software-defined networking: SDN for big data and big data for SDN.IEEE Network,30(1), 58-65. Dayal, N., Maity, P., Srivastava, S., Khondoker, R. (2016). Research Trends in Security and DDoS in SDN.Security And Communication Networks,9(18), 6386-6411. Duan, Q., Ansari, N., Toy, M. (2016). Software-defined network virtualization: an architectural framework for integrating SDN and NFV for service provisioning in future networks.IEEE Network,30(5), 10-16. Farshin, A., Sharifian, S. (2017). MAP-SDN: a metaheuristic assignment and provisioning SDN framework for cloud datacenters.The Journal Of Supercomputing. Lin, H., Wang, P. (2016). Implementation of an SDN-based Security Defense Mechanism Against DDoS Attacks.Destech Transactions On Economics And Management, (iceme-ebm). Muciaccia, T., Passaro, V. (2017). Future Scenarios for Software-Defined Metro and Access Networks and Software-Defined Photonics.Photonics,4(1), 1. Sha, L., He, L., Fu, J., Sun, J., Li, P. (2015). SDN-based Sensitive Information (SI) protection: sensitivity-degree measurement in software and data lifetime supervisor in software defined network.Security And Communication Networks, n/a-n/a. Smelyansky, T. (2017). Tranistion to SDN: Background, Approaches, prospects.Lastmile, (2), 54-61. Yan, Z., Zhang, P., Vasilakos, A. (2015). A security and trust framework for virtualized networks and software-defined networking.Security And Communication Networks,9(16), 3059-3069.

Levendary Cafe the China Challenge free essay sample

Levendary main issue is not entering Chains market but whether such decision is a right decision and if do so how to survive in such aggressively competitive market, to which extent the management have a detailed plan about and control over the penetration in the new market, adequate information about the culture and a proper communication with the management in china. When Levendary entered China they gave Chen the full control over the operations there, although a well-developed detailed plan and a clear tactic of how to implement this plan is a must. However it is clearly this is not the case whereas everything had been handed to Chen from A to Z. The chain of Levendary Cafe in USA are run by a strict set of rules and allowing modifications only after approval from the concept group regarding the â€Å"look and feel† of the firm. The Levendary Cafe in China is following a business model which is completely different from that of the US operation model. We will write a custom essay sample on Levendary Cafe : the China Challenge or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Chen wanted this cafe to adapt to the changing tastes of people from place to place. However he has no clear strategy or reasonable clarification for some actions such as locating some cafes in suburbs or in rural areas although there is so much room for expansion in the huge urban markets or turning some cafes into counter-only. And this might be because the philosophy and operations of Levendary have not been communicated clearly to Chen from the beginning and there was no control for 18 months that Chen worked during without referring to the US management. The culture differences between US and China is another major issue that should be understood by Headquarter in US. Customers in China are different from those in US in term of their habits and food preferences. Chen was smart by being flexible when entered Chinese market because there are some features that could not be transferred easily into such closed community nevertheless killed the identity of Levendary and turned it to a completely different restaurant while trying to adopt to the new culture. He could have been using the differences as a competitive advantage and differentiate the restaurant among other rivals. For example, serving organic fresh food which is strength of Levendary would be valued by Chinese consumers who look for fresh food and have concerns about it or the personalized services that Levendary is well-known for and Chinese restaurants lack for. Another issue is the lack of experience with the international market. Levendary headquarter should be aware of the international operations and the problem associated with and how to fit in and gain a strong position in such market. They should have more control over the financial reports to follow one reporting style that is consist with the accepted principles. Chen has no excuse for not following the GAAP in the financial reports he submitted which should be taken into consideration and corrected immediately. Question 2: What changes (if any) should Mia Foster make? Specifically, what should she do about Louis Chen? And what changes (if any) would you propose at headquarters? The changes should be made to the operation In China, the relationship with Chen and to the headquarters. Levendary cafe in china should not be completely different from that of US yet the flexibility is a must to survive in China. Foster should cooperate with Chen to find the proper way to adopt the Chinese culture and style in term of the menu choices yet they have to capitalize on what they are good in and use it as a competitive advantage such as the personalized services and the fresh organic food. They need to be differentiated to be considered by the Chinese customers. The stores should be located according to a strategic plan rather than opportunistic ones. Urban arias are the best choice for Levendary. Finally, a plane for the operation should be put and controlled. Regarding the relationship with Chen, a meeting with Chen, Foster and the concept team must be held. Foster who is a good communicator should make everything clear to Chen and let him know to which extent his changes are acceptable and to emphasize on the identity of Levendary and the image that they want consumers to have. Another important issue is that Chen has to conform to the companys planning and reporting processes and work in light of the corporate strategy. Foster should discard the option of firing him since he has many qualities like the Chinese language, the connections in China and also he is willing and eager to make this work and also, it is hard to find a replacement. Since she is known for her frank communication style, she should use that with him and give Chen notice that his opportunity for contract renewal may be in jeopardy if Chen cannot work together with Foster and her management team to resolve all the problems The headquarters should cooperate more with Chen and closely monitor the operation in China by having periodic reports to correct any deviation from the plan. They have to give the needed support to have the financial reports in accordance with GAAP and to give the training if needed for the staff in China. Question 3: Prepare a specific action program for Foster to her deal with the need for continued growth in China. What should be on the agenda for her meeting with Chen? What should be on the agenda is: 1. The marketing strategy: Foster should discuss a plan to deliver a clear, consistent, and compelling message about Levendary cafe and create both physical and perceptual differences that can be perceived by consumer in China that is consistent with the corporate strategy of the mother company. Chen should be part of this to have commitment and responsibility to it and due to his experience in the Chinese market. 2. The financial reports style: Foster should force Levendary China to follow the mother companys reporting style and show that any deviation is not acceptable. Chinas finance team Chen are responsible for that and headquarters are responsible for providing any needed support or training. 3. The cost and revenue: : a specialized team should invistigate why the composition of expenses of China operations is quite different than U. S. operations and find way to cut costs and increase revenue. Chen has to have a plan of how to reach the break-even point within 9 months (by the end of Chens Contract). 4. Control over Chinas operations: Foster should schedule for periodic audit and visit for Levendary China and define the responsibility of Chen and the extent to which he must not take decision without getting the approval from US. Because it seems that the proper communication is missing. Question 4: What global issues are addressed in the case? Identify them and discuss them in depth Some of the global issues highlighted by the case are the culture differences, the communication with the subsidiary and the financial considerations. Culture Differences: There are difference between the Chinese culture and the American culture. Some differences include the fact that in China people go to eat at a restaurant and quickly leave they don’t sit around whereas in the States going to a restaurant is a socializing experience. This is the reason the development in China of the cafe’s is structured differently to those in the USA. The preferred food is different too such as he cheese that is not liked by Chinese. There seems to be a missing link between the two cultures that is not being understood by headquarters who must adapt to Chinese culture in order to survive and find the fine line between introducing the American tastes and values to the Chinese market and responding to the local taste. Communication: The second aspect is the barriers that exist with communication. Headquarters did not do anything to support the business structure in China. Chen feels that they are not recognizing his effort when Foster talked to him about her concern. Lack of proper communication led to such situation where Chen did everything without referring to US Levendary which is considered by Foster as dramatic departures from Levendary’s U. S. concept. A clear communication rules would prevent such problems. Financial consideration: The subsidiary company should not have a different reporting style from the mother company. Having a uniform style is must. It s important that Foster and the home-based Finance Department take a hard look at the numbers from the Chinese operations and investigate the unreasonable cost figures. It is important to have a experience of the Chinese market which is considered one of the cheapest for the paper for example but the financial statement of Levendary China shows a dramatic number as well as for the occupancy cost. Question 5: What are Louis Chen’s qualities as a global leader? Discuss them in li ght of China and the US. †¢He had MBA from Stanford University. He is Bilingual in English and Mandarin Chinese. He was familiar with the neighborhoods in Shanghai and Beijing since he had long experience as a retail property developer, so he knew the impact of store location on profitability. He had strong connections with many real estate agents in China which helped him to locate in prime sites at fair price. He had entrepreneurial spirit to work in the restaurant industry with no experience in this sector, and he was confident that Levendary will success in the Chinese market. His go-getter (an aggressively enterprising person) that developed to become a local baron which might be a professional manager if trained well.