Income Elasticity of Demand: Analysis of Nestle

Pay Elasticity of Demand: Analysis of Nestle Financial aspects is the investigation of settling on decisions, It looks at how individuals pick the item in fulfilling their boundless needs by thinking about numerous components. Financial aspects is â€Å"The investigation of how society chooses what, how and for whom to produce†. (Begg,2003) Organization PROFILE Nestlã © was established in 1867 on the shores of Lake Geneva in Vevey, Switzerland and its first item was â€Å"Farine Lactã ©e Nestl㠩†, a newborn child oat exceptionally figured by Henri Nestlã © to give and improve baby sustenance. From its first memorable merger with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in 1905, Nestlã © has developed to turn into the universes biggest and most broadened food Company, and is about double the size of its closest rival in the food and drinks area. In 2004, Nestlã © had around 247,000 representatives around the world, worked 500 plants in approx. 100 nations and offered more than 8,000 items to a huge number of customers all around. In India Nestle has its central station in Gurgaon,Haryana. One of the fundamental brand is Chocolates and Confectionery which is been concentrated here. Request Request is the amount purchasers wish to buy at each possible. The interest of the item can differ from buyers to shoppers and item to item. Request is definitely not a specific amount yet it is the cost at which the buyers will buy the item. If there should be an occurrence of chocolates the interest can change if the cost increments. The gracefully of the item is likewise especially essesntial, The item is to be reached to the purchasers in right amount at the opportune time with the correct cost. The interest of products can be arranged into three sorts: The Price of related merchandise : This identifies with the cost and interest for the substitute item , If the Nestle Chocolates are not accessible in the market the individuals will begin purchasing the substitute products, for example, dessert, cakes and so on. However, there is a significant job for contenders, if the settle chocolates are not accessible shoppers can go for Cadbury chocolates too. The cost increment in the reciprocal items, for example, milk, sugar, choco powder will impact the cost of the item . So the cost of related great playes a significant job in fixing the cost of the item. Buyer Income : The salary of an individual assumes a significant job in the market, if the individual pay goes high the interest of the item goes high as the individuals begin purchasing more chocolates. The individual devouring low evaluated chocolates will purchase great quality chocolates this is where the sub-par products request gets lower. At the point when the salary builds the per capita pay of the individual expands which rather builds the buying intensity of the buyer. Taste : This is one of the main consideration which controls the interest of an item, when the salary of the customers are high the individuals will consider purchasing great quality chocolates, when there are contenders for settle like Cadbury, amul and so forth the buyers relies upon taste, the taste and inclinations of an item assumes a significant job in setting the interest of an item. Versatility Versatility is the affectability of progress in level of one variable concerning the corresponding rate change in other variable. The Elasticity can be grouped in to three : Value Elasticity of Demand This is clarified as the contrast between the rate change popular by the rate change in cost. Ed = % change in Quantity Demanded % change in Price From the above figure if the cost of chocolate is been discounted by 20 pounds from 30 pounds the level of progress sought after increments from 30 kg to 50 kg , the adjustment in cost can give an excellent outcome on the items deal ,where as when the cost is been expanded by 50 pounds the interest tumbles to 20 kg there is an incredible misfortune and the deals and request of the item has tumbled down. 20%/10 %=2 , thus it is a profoundly versatile . Pay Elasticity of Demand Pay versatility of interest gauges the responsiveness of the amount requested of a decent to the adjustment in the salary of the individuals requesting the item . It is determined as the proportion of the percent change in amount requested to the percent change in pay. For instance, if, in light of a 10% expansion in salary, the amount of chocolate requested expanded by 20%, the pay flexibility of interest would be 20%/10% = 2. A negative pay flexibility of interest is related with sub-par products an expansion in pay will prompt a fall in the amount requested and may prompt changes to increasingly lavish substitutes. A positive pay flexibility of interest is related with ordinary merchandise; an expansion in salary will prompt an ascent in the amount requested. On the off chance that salary flexibility of interest of an item is under 1, It is need acceptable. In the event that the elastisity of interest is more noteworthy that 1, It is a luxuary good.A zero salary flexibility or inelastic interest happens when an expansion in pay isn't related with an adjustment in the amount deanded of a decent. Cross Elasticity of Demand : Measures the responsiveness of the amount request of a decent to an adjustment in the cost of another great. For instance, if, because of a 10% expansion in the cost of Sugar, the amount of Chocolates requested diminished by 20%, the cross flexibility of interest would be - 20%/10% = - 2. It very well may be determined utilizing the accompanying equation = % Change in Quantity deamand of item A % Change in Price of Product B Where the two products are substitutes the cross flexibility of interest will be positive,so that as the cost of one goes up the amount requested of the other will increment. For instance because of an expansion in the cost of cadbury chocolate, the interest for Nestle chocolate will rise. If there should arise an occurrence of perfecr sustitutes, the cross elastisity of interest is equivalent to unendingness. Where the two products are supplements the cross versatility of interest will be negative, so that as the cost of one goes up the amount requested of the other will diminish. For instance, in light of an expansion in the cost of sugar, the interest Chocolates will diminish Where the two merchandise are autonomous, the cross flexibility request will be zero , as the cost of one great changes,there will be no adjustment in amount requested of the other great (B.Johns,S,Atkinson,.2001) Financial matters OF SCALE : Individual fixed Cost It is the fixed expense brought about by the organization for a drawn out period, it tends to be the hardware cost or the materials required for the creation of chocolates, for example, milk, sugar and so forth , the cost of these will be fixed for certain period . The work cost additionally will be likewise fixed . Specialization The organization will be represented considerable authority in certain fields or the other . Settle chocolates can be specialists in making bar chocolate while they wont be specialed in making toffees . Buying It resembles buying the item in immense amounts . In the event that the organization gives the providers with great cost and of good quality, The provider will purchase the item from the producer, they acknowledge lower costs to make sure about consistent interest. The clients misuse the market power. At the point when the buy is been made by the providers in huge qualtity the creation will be high and it can assist with expanding the benefit. Innovative work The Company should focus on the R and D so as to get new advancements there by they can build their creation and they can explore for new sort of chocolates where they can pull in more clients. The organization should contribute n R D and they need to accomplish a correct arrangement. The Minimum Efficient Scale=Size of Market/No of Producers =63ooo/7=9000 MES=9000/63000=14.28%. http://www.nestle.com/Resource.axd?Id=24E5A5E2-93F8-43A3-956E-0F259448CB90 Innovation Innovative advancement can improve the companys creation, its items its work and so on. By presenting new innovation machine where by new structures of chocolates can be delivered and new blend of flavors can be included with the goal that the clients can be pulled in. The new innovation machines can even chop down the expense of creation there by the cost of the item can be diminished there by the flexibly can go high. Economies of degree 1) Common Facilities: In this the organization makes various items with the equivalent utilized specialists, this can assist the organization with reducing the expense there by increment the companys benefit. For instance the individuals who make settle chocolates can even go after creation settle rolls there by the item can be effective and dont need to cause a lot of costs. 2) Transferable Experience It is the experience been moved starting with one spot then onto the next, the experience picked up from one association is been applied and their procedures are been mixed together so the organization can gain more benefit and the creation can be expanded. 3) Influences on Demand for the item can increment if the item has a decent brand picture. In the event that the Nestle chocolates are having request in the market and the shoppers buy settle chocolates by observing the brand name and positive attitude , the item next propelled my Nestle will be all the more simple to be sold as the principal item benefits the offer of the second. End The organization need to keep a track on the business sectors request and gracefully of the item there by the organization can acquire benefit by giving the correct item at the opportune time, The organization should attempt to offer the chocolates to its providers inside the harmony cost so they advantage in selling and they favor in selling our organizations chocolates as they give them more benefit. At the point when the interest gets high, sufficient measure of items ought to be accessible in the market there by expanding the creation and this can build the companys altruism. The organization ought to follow the customers tastes and inclinations and ought to likewise think about the pay of people and cost of related great. When taking in to thought all the variables like mechanical, flexibility, eco

Construction Essays Road Works Equipment

Development Essays Road Works Equipment Street Works Equipment Street Works Equipment/Compaction/Asphalting Official Summary Streets are the life saver of any financially lively country. In this viewpoint, the street works hardware expect a unique noteworthiness as it not just effects the general nature of streets in a nation, yet in addition impacts the economies related with the development and support of streets. Street works hardware is a billion dollar industry that is developing and growing at an exponential pace. The development and support of streets includes numerous specialized and procedural subtleties that requests uncommon methods and specialities. The reason for this report is to break down these miniaturized scale and large scale subtleties related with street works gear and to portray the pretended by the advanced street works hardware in the elements and financial matters of street works Find support with your article from our master paper essayists The contemporary street works hardware has totally modified the manner in which street works organizations conceptualize and plan their work and the manner in which they apportion their assets. Generally, the street works industry has been a work escalated and capital serious endeavor, a factor that essentially added to the expenses of the development and upkeep of streets. In such a situation, the assignment of rare assets and labor used to turn into a bulky errand that additional to the multifaceted nature of the street works activities. One goal of this investigation is to portray the progressions and differentiations in the previous practices and the cutting edge rehearses. Not just this report makes reference to the significant organizations, producers and providers of street works hardware yet additionally investigates the recruit, buy and renting game plans possible in this industry. Presentation The street works and roadway upkeep has become a field of canny specialization in itself. Subsequently all the parts of this business are experiencing through a procedure of refinement and specialization with the progression of time. The manner in which street works activities were overseen in the past are a finished complexity to the manners in which things are done today. With the approach of motorization in all the parts of development industry over the most recent couple of decades, the street works hardware has expected an exceptional essentialness and significance of its own. The principle task before this report is to investigate the prior practices in the street works activities with the contemporary patterns and practices. Despite the fact that the streets consistently played a unique noteworthiness in the monetary and social prosperity of a country, their significance has expanded complex in the new changed and globalized financial situation. With the appearance of exchanging squares like the European Union (EU) on the scene, the streets have become a fundamental instrument of progress and harmonization. The exceptional increment in the quantity of vehicles throughout the years has required the requirement for act of spontaneity and resourcefulness in the street works industry. Till the most recent couple of decades, the street works techniques in Europe were principally capital escalated and work concentrated. A significant lump of the budgetary designations in the street works assignments were saved for the work costs and the acquisition of street w orks gear. This enormous enlargement into the expenses of variables of development released an insurgency into the street works gear industry. It is all around said that need is the mother of innovation. Till now the manual methodology in the street works activities was settling on the nature of streets, yet additionally drifted colossally as far as time and resources. Before long a need was felt that the remarkable parts of the street work nothing to be motorized by utilizing the inventive and specific gear. This crucial need was obliged by the organizations spend significant time in the street works gear. The effect of this change was felt intensely in the significant street works errands like compaction and asphalting. The new hardware set aside much time and cash as well as played out the previously mentioned undertakings with an improved viability and refinement. The particular goal of this report is to consider on the progressions unfurled by the appearance of motorized strategies and new gear. This new methodology towards street works certainly expanded the effectiveness and investment funds related with all the stra tegies. Conversation Advancement and specialization are the signs of the logical and financial turn of events. Streets are a significant part of the financial and social turn of events. This part of the national development has unquestionably experienced fast and diverse changes as far as mechanical and procedural sources of info. The manner in which street works activities were arranged and carried on in the past are unquestionably a long ways to the advanced best in class street works strategies and gear. Today the streets are relied upon to fulfill various standards and desires which were never known about and expected in the times of the yesteryear. It will be truly fascinating to dig on the trade offs and differentiates between the prior practices and the advanced practices. 3.1 Earlier and Modern Day Practices Streets consistently played an extraordinary importance in the British money related, social and public activity. The British rulers consistently gave a unique consideration to the streets and surely knew their significance in maintaing and maintaining the monetary and social development in this energetic country. Be that as it may, the streets of the yesteryear were overwhelmingly un asphalted and thin and however they effectively took into account the necessities and the yearnings of the occasions, they were no match to the cutting edge metalled streets that were intended to meet the real factors of modern unrest and monetary development. The creation of vehicles and the modern upset end up being a defining moment so far as the historical backdrop of street works is concerned. The new cars and transportation vehicles requested altogether different kinds of streets, the development of which required extraordinary highlights and methodology. This need brought forth the early street works industry that was later to advance into a significant and crucial part of the British business and social life. The new streets should have been conservative and leveled, the accomplishment of which required systems like asphalting and compaction. In the prior occasions, these systems were performed generally physically and were dominatingly work concentrated. The groups related with compaction assignments needed to hustle to complete their occupations and open the streets to traffic. These compaction systems performed physically required a lot of time and ventures. This increased the open strain to limit the time went through with path terminations and traffic disturbances. These compaction techniques were for the most part performed utilizing massive street rollers that created almost 2400 vibrations for each moment and impacted the nature of streets. In this way the result accomplished additionally end up being imperfect and not according to the perfect quality necessities. Notwithstanding, the coming of current gear has definitely changed the things. Today there are accessible the thruway compactors that yield a miniscule 4000 vibrations for every moment (ZOOM Info, 2008). This empowers the development teams to control the effect per foot that unquestionably amplifies the perfection and the thickness of streets. The new compactors likewise empower the development organizations to play out the occupations a long time before the normal time constrains and have limited the recurrence and time of path terminations and resultant traffic interruptions. As was with compaction, so stands valid for the great assignment of asphalting. The way toward asphalting includes clearing the streets with a blend of rock and black-top. This principally included the twin techniques of blending and clearing of black-top. The black-top blending hardware utilized in the past was principally manual and in this manner didn't permit the blending of black-top according to the ideal extents and thickness. The cutting edge black-top blending machines are absolutely programmed and permit the street works team to pick the thickness and consistency of the black-top blend according to their necessities (APELLC, 2008). This has unquestionably reformed the idea of street works. So likewise stands valid for the annoying assignment of black-top clearing. The black-top laying and clearing today is not any more done physically just like the training previously. Today there are accessible such machines that play out the assignment of black-top clearing and laying at one go and that too naturally. This not just aides in developing smoother and faultless streets yet in addition permit the street works groups to accomplish asphalts pf wanted thickness and with. In spite of the fact that the street works industry is a crucial constituent of the national development, the truth of the matter is that like some other business it is a business and needs to keep the standards and desires expected of all the effective endeavors. Like different businesses, the street works industry likewise tries to eliminate its time related duties and ventures, modernize and computerize its activities and utilize its funds to the ideal level. The street works adventures of today are route separated from the acts of the past as in the utilization of present day street works gear and extras empowers them to accomplish proficiency and reserve funds which was impractical with the overwhelmingly manual street works techniques of the past. The approach of present day street works hardware particularly in the portion of asphalting and compaction has completely changed the contemporary street works industry. 3.2 Major Companies/Manufacturers/Suppliers Today their exist numerous organizations on the planet that represent considerable authority in the assembling and gracefully of progressively modern and mechanized street building hardware that is couple with the changing business needs (SED, 2008). Particularly thinking about the absence of gifted work in this industry in the West, the administrations rendered by these organizations are progressively sought after. A portion of the significant street works hardware makers and providers are; Provide food

Staying Inspired Through the Arts

Staying Inspired Through the Arts Hey everyone, I cant believe were halfway through February! Im now acquainted with my syllabi, getting through some small essays and response papers, and preparing for midterms to appear in a few weeks. Plus, my study abroad friends are sending me postcards from the latest European cities theyre visiting, and Ive recently got engaged! Wow, lots of big things happening. Anyhoo, this semester Im taking Shakespeare 418 to complete a requirement in my major, and it can be a difficult class if youre not familiar with deciphering Old English translations or puns. I dont think most students enjoyed Shakespeare in high school, since were experiencing a language that just doesnt connect with us that well in todays world. However, this class is focused on the aesthetics of performance in Shakespearean plays, such as stage direction and lighting, as well as focusing on other intriguing tropes like gender, class, and diction in plays. Im not too keen on Shakespearean works to be honest, but its a class thats going to help me recognize some of the classical works of Shakespeare and understand the uniqueness of the time. Plus, its on the to-read list of many writers. One of the interesting class requirements is to go out and experience a Shakespeare play throughout the C-U area and draw upon connections to the texts were reading in class. There are performances done by Parkland College, local venues, and, of course, one of my favorite places to catch a show, the  Krannert Center of the Performing Arts. I just got tickets to see the opera version of A Midsummer  Nights Dream, a romantic comedy, next Saturday with my fiancé. Its fascinating and pretty neat to know that as Illinois students  were able to see a show in Champaign for $10 that would normally cost you around $160 to see elsewhere (such as the Shakespearean Theatre in Chicagos Navy Pier). Im not a huge fan of operas, but theres much to be learned as a writer, reader, and student in a Shakespeare English class. Ill have to let you know what I think of the opera next time. Lets have a great week! Jenny Class of 2016 I'm majoring in Creative Writing in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. I'm from the north side of Chicago, an artsy neighborhood along the lakefront called Andersonville. I plan to pursue a low-residency MFA program in Fiction Writing with the hope of becoming a published author.

Staying Inspired Through the Arts

Staying Inspired Through the Arts Hey everyone, I cant believe were halfway through February! Im now acquainted with my syllabi, getting through some small essays and response papers, and preparing for midterms to appear in a few weeks. Plus, my study abroad friends are sending me postcards from the latest European cities theyre visiting, and Ive recently got engaged! Wow, lots of big things happening. Anyhoo, this semester Im taking Shakespeare 418 to complete a requirement in my major, and it can be a difficult class if youre not familiar with deciphering Old English translations or puns. I dont think most students enjoyed Shakespeare in high school, since were experiencing a language that just doesnt connect with us that well in todays world. However, this class is focused on the aesthetics of performance in Shakespearean plays, such as stage direction and lighting, as well as focusing on other intriguing tropes like gender, class, and diction in plays. Im not too keen on Shakespearean works to be honest, but its a class thats going to help me recognize some of the classical works of Shakespeare and understand the uniqueness of the time. Plus, its on the to-read list of many writers. One of the interesting class requirements is to go out and experience a Shakespeare play throughout the C-U area and draw upon connections to the texts were reading in class. There are performances done by Parkland College, local venues, and, of course, one of my favorite places to catch a show, the  Krannert Center of the Performing Arts. I just got tickets to see the opera version of A Midsummer  Nights Dream, a romantic comedy, next Saturday with my fiancé. Its fascinating and pretty neat to know that as Illinois students  were able to see a show in Champaign for $10 that would normally cost you around $160 to see elsewhere (such as the Shakespearean Theatre in Chicagos Navy Pier). Im not a huge fan of operas, but theres much to be learned as a writer, reader, and student in a Shakespeare English class. Ill have to let you know what I think of the opera next time. Lets have a great week! Jenny Class of 2016 I'm majoring in Creative Writing in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. I'm from the north side of Chicago, an artsy neighborhood along the lakefront called Andersonville. I plan to pursue a low-residency MFA program in Fiction Writing with the hope of becoming a published author.

The Literary Works Of The First Century Romans - 993 Words

Understanding ancient civilizations is always a hard process. The only resources that are readily available, are the texts written by people of the times. But which helps better the understanding of the society and political structures: historical or literary works? The first century Romans are a great example of this. The literary works of the first century Romans, help further the knowledge about the ancient civilization. While the historical works do show a lot of the facts from the era, the literary works possess more information about the people s lives in that time. The political aspects of the Romans were very advanced. The government system they had set up, was better than any of the other civilizations of the time. (Virgil, Aeneid) Under the rule of Augustus, the Romans were at some of the strongest times of the empire s existence. The empire in this time conquered most of the known world. They were not a force to be taken lightly. 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Example of a Permutation Test

One question that it is always important to ask in statistics is, â€Å"Is the observed result due to chance alone, or is it statistically significant?† One class of hypothesis tests, called permutation tests, allow us to test this question. The overview and steps of such a test are: We split our subjects into a control and an experimental group.  The null hypothesis is that there is no difference between these two groups.Apply a treatment to the experimental group.Measure the response to the treatmentConsider every possible configuration of the experimental group and the observed response.Calculate a p-value based upon our observed response relative to all of the potential experimental groups. This is an outline of a permutation.  To flesh of this outline, we will spend time looking at a worked out example of such a permutation test in great detail. Example Suppose we are studying mice.  In particular, we are interested in how quickly the mice finish a maze that they have never encountered before.  We wish to provide evidence in favor of an experimental treatment.  The goal is to demonstrate that mice in the treatment group will solve the maze more quickly than untreated mice.   We begin with our subjects: six mice.  For convenience, the mice will be referred to by the letters A, B, C, D, E, F. Three of these mice are to be randomly selected for the experimental treatment, and the other three are put into a control group in which the subjects receive a placebo. We will next randomly choose the order in which the mice are selected to run the maze. The time spent finishing the maze for all of the mice will be noted, and a mean of each group will be computed. Suppose that our random selection has mice A, C, and E in the experimental group, with the other mice in the placebo control group. After the treatment has been implemented, we randomly choose the order for the mice to run through the maze.   The run times for each of the mice are: Mouse A runs the race in 10 secondsMouse B runs the race in 12 secondsMouse C runs the race in 9 secondsMouse D runs the race in 11 secondsMouse E runs the race in 11 secondsMouse F runs the race in 13 seconds. The average time to complete the maze for the mice in the experimental group is 10 seconds. The average time to complete the maze for those in the control group is 12 seconds. We could ask a couple of questions. Is the treatment really the reason for the faster average time? Or were we just lucky in our selection of control and experimental group?  The treatment may have had no effect and we randomly chose the slower mice to receive the placebo and faster mice to receive the treatment.  A permutation test will help to answer these questions. Hypotheses The hypotheses for our permutation test are: The null hypothesis is the statement of no effect.  For this specific test, we have H0: There is no difference between treatment groups.  The mean time to run the maze for all mice with no treatment is the same as the mean time for all mice with the treatment.The alternative hypothesis is what we are trying to establish evidence in favor of. In this case, we would have Ha: The mean time for all mice with the treatment will be faster than the mean time for all mice without the treatment. Permutations There are six mice, and there are three places in the experimental group. This means that the number of possible experimental groups are given by the number of combinations C(6,3) 6!/(3!3!) 20. The remaining individuals would be part of the control group. So there are 20 different ways to randomly choose individuals into our two groups. The assignment of A, C, and E to the experimental group was done randomly.  Since there are 20 such configurations, the specific one with A, C, and E in the experimental group has a probability of 1/20 5% of occurring. We need to determine all 20 configurations of the experimental group of the individuals in our study. Experimental group: A B C and Control group: D E FExperimental group: A B D and Control group: C E FExperimental group: A B E and Control group: C D FExperimental group: A B F and Control group: C D EExperimental group: A C D and Control group: B E FExperimental group: A C E and Control group: B D FExperimental group: A C F and Control group: B D EExperimental group: A D E and Control group: B C FExperimental group: A D F and Control group: B C EExperimental group: A E F and Control group: B C DExperimental group: B C D and Control group: A E FExperimental group: B C E and Control group: A D FExperimental group: B C F and Control group: A D EExperimental group: B D E and Control group: A C FExperimental group: B D F and Control group: A C EExperimental group: B E F and Control group: A C DExperimental group: C D E and Control group: A B FExperimental group: C D F and Control group: A B EExperimental group: C E F and Control group: A B DExperimental group: D E F and Control group: A B C We then look at each configuration of experimental and control groups. We calculate the mean for each of the 20 permutations in the listing above.  For example, for the first, A, B and C have times of 10, 12 and 9, respectively.  The mean of these three numbers is 10.3333.  Also in this first permutation, D, E and F have times of 11, 11 and 13, respectively.  This has an average of 11.6666. After calculating the mean of each group, we calculate the difference between these means. Each of the following corresponds to the difference between the experimental and control groups that were listed above. Placebo - Treatment   1.333333333 secondsPlacebo - Treatment   0 secondsPlacebo - Treatment   0 secondsPlacebo - Treatment -1.333333333 secondsPlacebo - Treatment 2 secondsPlacebo - Treatment 2 secondsPlacebo - Treatment 0.666666667 secondsPlacebo - Treatment 0.666666667 secondsPlacebo - Treatment -0.666666667 secondsPlacebo - Treatment -0.666666667 secondsPlacebo - Treatment 0.666666667 secondsPlacebo - Treatment   0.666666667 secondsPlacebo - Treatment -0.666666667 secondsPlacebo - Treatment -0.666666667 secondsPlacebo - Treatment -2 secondsPlacebo - Treatment -2 secondsPlacebo - Treatment 1.333333333 secondsPlacebo - Treatment 0 secondsPlacebo - Treatment 0 secondsPlacebo - Treatment -1.333333333 seconds P-Value Now we rank the differences between the means from each group that we noted above. We also tabulate the percentage of our 20 different configurations that are represented by each difference in means. For example, four of the 20 had no difference between the means of the control and treatment groups. This accounts for 20% of the 20 configurations noted above. -2 for 10%-1.33 for 10 %-0.667 for 20%0 for 20 %0.667 for 20%1.33 for 10%2 for 10%. Here we compare this listing to our observed result. Our random selection of mice for the treatment and control groups resulted in an average difference of 2 seconds. We also see that this difference corresponds to 10% of all possible samples.  The result is that for this study we have a p-value of 10%.

Natural Law And Legal Positivism - 1116 Words

The contrast between Natural Law and Legal Positivism is a necessary starting point for those who wish to understand the relationship between law and morality, and the most varied manners in which it influences society to this day. When it comes to analyzing which theory offers the most well-rounded idea of law, one can argue that Legal Positivism provides the best definition of what law is at its essence. However, because Legal Positivism came to exist as a critique to what was proposed by Natural Law theorists, it is significant that both are explored in depth as means to support such argument. Natural law theory is based on human nature and its predisposition to do good. The determination of what’s good and evil, however, is often drawn†¦show more content†¦In fact, it argues that at times, it is possible that for the law to be immoral. The biggest difference between the writings of Austin and Hart might be that the former while setting the framework for a plausible theory, fails to elaborate on its most basic premises. Hart expanded on legal positivism by enhancing the theory suggested by Austin and making it more credible, all while debunking natural law theory. One example is the manner in which Austin argues that the concept of law is subject to the command of a higher authority backed by threats. Although this is a way in which law can be presented, it is also a simplistic definition. Hart argues that although Austin’s definition of the law might be applicable to criminal law, it fails to justify other variants of legal process such as contracts or marriage licenses. He argues that â€Å"Such laws do not impose duties or obli ­gations. Instead, they provide individuals with facilities for realizing their wishes, by conferring legal powers upon them to create, by certain specified procedures and subjec t to certain (p. 27)† It is difficult to associate laws such as the ones concerning marriage to the idea of a command backed by threat. The differentiation between laws that grant liberties when compared to those that might take them away is something that is not taken into account by Austin or explored in depth by natural law theorists such as Aquinas. TheShow MoreRelatedLegal Positivism and Natural Law815 Words   |  3 PagesLegal positivism and natural law These are two legal philosophies or theory of law that are commonly used in the daily arguments and discussions of the legal issues. These two, in as much as have the observance of the law as the common factor, have varied or divergent approach to law as a discipline and as a practice. Natural law This is divided into two major subsections with the first being natural law theory of morality; this deals with what is right and what is wrong. The second beingRead MoreThe Natural Law Theory And Legal Positivism1698 Words   |  7 Pagesperspectives are known as the Natural Law theory and Legal Positivism. Natural law theorists claim that morality and law A significant debate on this topic was stimulated by Wolfenden Report 1957 in England which led to the famous debate between H.L.A Hart and Lord Devlin . The report is about the recommendation of legalising homosexuality and prostitution as law should not intervene within everyone’s private lives. This view was supported by Hart as he believed that the law should not enforce moralRead MoreLegal Positivism Over Natural Law Theory982 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscusses the conceptions of legal normativity, both moral and â€Å"strictly legal† conceptions. 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When we look at abortion s laws we see between a legal system based on the legal theory of natural law the law that comes from God s nature and inherent right and wrong as He defines it furthermore a legal system based on legal positivism (law is derived from whatever man says is law - no inherent right and wrong). Prior to the turn of the 20th century, legal philosophy from whence laws were derived in the Western world was based upon a natural law theory. ARead MorePositivism : The Ruling Theory Of Law944 Words   |  4 Pagesegal positivism is the name given to the school of juristic thought, which includes such luminaries of philosophy as Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), John Austin (1790-1859) and HLA Hart (1907-1992). Philosopher Ronald Dworkin once described legal positivism as the ruling theory of law. Since the time of Bentham and Austin legal positivism was the dominant theory and was held by most legal scholars in one way or another and was also the working theory of most legal practitioner’sRead MoreThe Second World War1598 Words   |  7 Pagesthat they weren’t guilty of a crime as they were obeying the law of Nazi Germany . Consequently, the trial revived the broader question of whether laws which are inherently immoral can be considered valid law. Moreover, the trial generated fresh debate within jurisprudence, in turn leading many to criticise the previously prominent ideas of Legal Positivism , which in layman’s terms separated law from morality and credited as valid law any bill provided it had gone through the recognised legislativeRead MoreLegal Positivism Vs. Law Of Nature1285 Words   |  6 PagesLegal Positivism v. the Law of Nature Legal philosophy has changed dramatically throughout the years; many theories have evolved and are still supported to this day. Concepts such as values, morality, desires, and reason all come into play when law is defined. Law is a very difficult word to define; what exactly is it and where does it come from? To understand the idea of law, one must also understand how humans have evolved. From the beginning, humans have been forming groups for survival; either

Software Licensing Essay Example For Students

Software Licensing Essay In 1993 worldwide illegal copying of domestic and international software cost $12.5 billion to the software industry, with a loss of $2.2 billion in the United States alone. Estimates show that over 40 percent of U.S. software company revenues are generated overseas, yet nearly 85 percent of the software industrys piracy losses occurred outside of the United States borders. The Software Publishers Association indicated that approximately 35 percent of the business software in the United States was obtained illegally, which 30 percent of the piracy occurs in corporate settings. In a corporate setting or business, every computer must have its own set of original software and the appropriate number of manuals. It is illegal for a corporation or business to purchase a single set of original software and then load that software onto more than one computer, or lend, copy or distribute software for any reason without the prior written consent of the software manufacturer. Many software mana gers are concerned with the legal compliance, along with asset management and costs at their organizations. Many firms involve their legal departments and human resources in regards to software distribution and licensing. Information can qualify to be property in two ways; patent law and copyright laws which are creations of federal statutes, pursuant to Constitutional grant of legislative authority. In order for the government to prosecute the unauthorized copying of computerized information as theft, it must first rely on other theories of information-as-property. Trade secret laws are created by state law, and most jurisdictions have laws that criminalize the violations of a trade-secret holder=s rights in the secret. The definition of a trade secret varies somewhat from state to state, but commonly have the same elements. For example, AThe information must be secret, Anot of public knowledge or of general knowledge in the trade or business, a court will allow a trade secret to b e used by someone who discovered or developed the trade secret independently or if the holder does not take adequate precautions to protect the secret. In 1964 the United States Copyright Office began to register software as a form of literary expression. The office based its decision on White-Smith Music Co. v. Apollo , where the Supreme Court determined that a piano roll used in a player piano did not infringe upon copyrighted music because the roll was part of a mechanical device. Since a computer program is textual, like a book, yet also mechanical, like the piano roll in White-Smith, the Copyright Office granted copyright protection under the rule of doubt. In 1974, Congress created the Natural Commission on New Technological Uses (CONTU) to investigate whether the evolving computer technology field outpaced the existing copyright laws and also to determine the extent of copyright protection for computer programs. CONTU concluded that while copyright protection should extend beyond the literal source code of a computer program, evolving case law should determine the extent of protection. The commission also felt copyright was the best alternative among existing intellectual property protective mechanisms, and CONTU rejected trade secret and patents as viable protective mechanisms. The CONTU report resulted in the 1980 Computer Software Act, and the report acts as informal legislative history to aid the courts in interpreting the Act. In 1980 The Copyright Act was amended to explicitly include computer programs. Title 17 to the United States Code states that it is illegal to make or to distribute copies of copyrighted material without authorization, except for the user=s right to make a single backup copy for archival purposes. Any written material (including computer programs) fixed in a tangible form (written somewhere i.e. printout) is considered copyrighted without any additional action on the part of the author. Therefore, it is not necessary that a copy of the software program be deposited with the Copyright Office in Washington, D.C. for the program to be protected as copyrighted. With that in mind then a copyright is a property right only. In order to prevent anyone from selling your software programs, you must ask a court (federal) to stop that person by an injunction and to give you damages for the injury they have done to you by selling the program. The Software Rental Amendments Act Public Law 101-650) was approved by Congress in 1990, this Act prohibits the commercial rental, leasing or lending of software without the express written permission of the copyright holder. An amendment to Title 18 to the United States Code was passed by Congress in 1992. This amendment. Known as Public Law 102-561 made software piracy a federal offense, and instituted criminal penalties for copyright infringement of software. The penalties can include imprisonment of up to five years, fines up to $250,000 or both for unauthorized reproduction or distribution of 10 or more copies of software with a total retail value exceeding $2,500 or more. Under United States law duplicating software for profit, making multiple copies for use by different users within an organization, and giving an unauthorized copy to someone else is prohibited. Under this law if anyone is caught with the pirated software, an individual or the individual=s company can be tried under both civil and criminal law. A Civil action may be established for injunction, actual damages (which includes the infringer=s profits) or statutory damages up to $100,000 per infringement. The criminal penalties for copyright infringement can result in fines up to $250,000 and a jail term up to five years for the first offense and ten years for a second offense or both. When software is counterfeit or copied, the software developer loses their revenue and the whole software industry feels the effect of piracy. All software developers spend a lot of time and money in developing software for public use. A portion of every dollar spent in purchasing original software is funn eled back into research and development of new software. Software piracy can be found in three forms: software counterfeiting, which is the illegal duplication and sale of copyrighted software in a form that is designed to make it appear to be a legitimate program; Hard disk loading, whereby computer dealers load unauthorized copies of software onto the hard disks of personal computers, which acts as an incentive for the end user to buy the hardware from that particular dealer; and downloading of copyrighted software to users connected by modem to electronic bulletin boards and/or the Internet. When software is pirated the consumer pays for that cost by new software and/or upgrade version being very expensive. Federal appellate courts in the U.S. have determined that operating systems, object code and software cotained in ROMs are protected by copyright, and some lower federal courts have also determined that microcode (the instructions set on microprocessor chips), and the look and feel of computer screens is subject to copyright protection. Which leads to the problems of the widespread development of multimedia applications that has brought out major problems in clearing copyright for small elements of text, images, video and sound.. The United States Government has been an active participant in protecting the rights of the software industry. When the Business Software Alliance (BSA) conducts a raid, Federal Marshals or local law enforcement officials participate also. An organization known as the Software Publishers Association (SPA) is the principal trade association of the PC software industry. SPA works closely with the FBI and has also an written enforcement manual for the FBI to help them investigate pirate bulletin board systems and organizations (audits). With the help of the FBI, the result of enforcement actions resulted in recoveries from anti-piracy actions totaling $16 million since the program started in 1990. Challenges and opportunities in agricultural marketing Essay2. Implement a software codes of ethics for everyone to adhere to. The ethics should state that copyrighted software, except for backup and archival purposes, is a violation of the law. 3. Establish a procedure for acquiring and registering software. Determine your companies software needs, evaluate software packages, and also have supervisors approve the plans. Keep the lines of communication open. 4. Establish and maintain a software log. The log should state the date of when the software was acquired, the registration of it, serial number, network version, location of where the software is in use, where the original is, licensing agreement and the location of the original disks. 5. Conduct periodic audits or on a as needed basis comparing the software log and/or other purchase records. 6. Establish a program to educate and train your employees about every aspect of software and its uses. 7. Maintain a library of software licenses and provide users with copies of the agreement. 8. Having done the above seven points, the company can benefit by having obtained software legally, receive full documentation, technical support when needed and also upgrade notices. Patents do not cover specific systems, instead they cover particular techniques that can be used to build systems or particular features that systems can offer. Patent grants the inventor a 17 year monopoly on its use. Once a technique or feature is patented, it may not be used in a system without the permission of the patent-holder even if it is implemented in a different way. Since a computer program usually uses several techniques and provides many features, it can infringe many patents at once. A computer program is built out of ideal mathematical objects whose behavior is defined, not modeled approximately, by abstract rules. An example of this is Borland International, Inc. complained in the 1st Federal District Court gave Lotus Development Corp. the benefit of patent protection to Lotus 1-2-3 menu commands and their order, but failed to require Lotus to meet the requirements of patent law, including novelty, examination and contribution to the prior art. The Supreme Court sid ed with the 1st Circuit decision that one entity cannot own the user interface to programs. Meaning such as file formats, menu structures and programming languages. Software license agreements emerged as the most popular means of protection of proprietary rights in computer software. They coexist with other forms of intellectual property rights as patent and copyright. Software license agreements serve several functions in transactions involving the transfer of computer technology. One of the most important legal functions is the protection of the proprietary rights of the licenser in the transferred software. Other functions include controlling the revenue generated by licensed software and determining the rights and responsibilities of the parties regarding the performance of the licensed technology. Issue related to these functions include the applicability of Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code, including offer and disclaimer of warranties, determining the appropriate types of licenses to utilize, such as single users/CPU licenses, Site/enterprise licenses and network/concurrent licensesTrade secret, copyright and patent law are emailpr otected forms of protection in the sense that they may exist independently of any underlying business transactions and do not necessarily require any transfer of intellectual property from one party to another. Whereas, the need for a license agreement usually arises as one of the contractual forms of protection when the underlying business transaction involves the transfer of intellectual property, such as computer software. Transactions involving the transfer of computer software are subject to both federal and state laws. Generally, state law governs contractual and trade secrets aspects of the transaction, while federal law governs aspects related to patent, copyright and antitrust issues. Each state has its own version of a doctrine of a trade secret, the common thread through these state-specific laws is that if you show that you are seriously treated information as confidential and that the confidential information helped your competitive position, you can stop others from us ing it if the information was improperly acquired by them, and even collect damages from the wrongdoers. A computer is useless without software. The two types of software typically found on a computer are operating systems software and application software. Operating system software emailprotected emailprotected that makes it easier to develop programs for the system by reducing the amount of code that must be written. The operating system acts as an interface between the computer hardware, application programs and the end user. Application software consists of one or more computer program that fulfill a specific function for the user like word processing, bookkeeping or financial analysis. Two legal cases recently within the last few years has brought to light the controversy regarding the copyright protection of software elements. Until 1992, most of the federal courts followed the decision in Whenlan v Jaslow Dental Laboratory as a precedent of similar cases. Whenlan, a small software company wrote a accounting program for Jaslow Dental Laboratory company. Jaslow rewrote the software to run on personal computers and proceeded to sell the product. The software was identical to Whenlans in the data structures, logic, and the program structure, except for the source code. Jaslow argued that the duplicated elements were part by the of the idea not the expression. The court in response felt that the data structures, logic, and the program structure comprised to make a single function of a computer program, therefore copyright protection should be given to those elements also. In 1992, this protection was weakened by Computer Associates v. Altai, Inc. , when Altai a softw are developer was accused of copying various modules of a software package developed by Computer Associates which controlled the running of applications on IBM mainframes. The court rejected Whelan=s premise that a computer program embodies one function because programs are made up of sub-routines that contain their own idea. The court recognized this would narrow the scope of software copyright protection and found this in accordance with Congressional intent of computer programs with copyright. This resulted in why currently software copyright is not as broad as it once was. Bibliography:Brandel, William, Licensing stymies users, URL:http://www.viman.com/license/license.html#policy, Viman Software, Inc., 1994. Business Software Alliance, Software Piracy and the Law, URL:http://www.bsa.org/bsa/docs/soft_pl.html, Business Software Alliance, 1995. Software Publishers Association, SPA Anti-Piracy Backgrounder, URL:http://www.spa.org/piracy/pi_back.htm, Software Publishers Association, 1995.

George Killed Lennie for Merciful Reasons free essay sample

A true friendship is one in which friends care deeply enough to anticipate one another’s needs and are willing to put their friend’s needs before their own. Their mutual love enables them to make sacrifices only to protect each other. In the novella, Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, George killing Lennie is a merciful kill to save others from Lennie’s unintentional acts of aggression, to spare Lennie from suffering a cruel death, and instead ensuring a peaceful and quick departure one that will cause George the least regrets. George begins to see a pattern of aggression coming from Lennie and wants to put it to an end because Lennie is hurting too many others unintentionally and he sees Lennie is quick to frustrate and panic and is lacking in the ability to control his violent reactions. Lennie has killed many mice, a pup, and finally a woman. We will write a custom essay sample on George Killed Lennie for Merciful Reasons or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although Lennie may not want to kill any other living beings, it is in his nature to become aggressive and angry when frustrated. He typically believes he â€Å"‘wasn’t doin’ nothing bad’ † (Steinbeck 9) with the mice and he was â€Å"‘Jus’ strokin’ it’ † (Steinbeck 9). He cannot contain his anger and that often leads to an unrestrained use of his strength. Because Lennie never has the intention to kill anything, he can feel an immense amount of guilt and remorse as seen when he runs out of the barn crying, â€Å"‘I done a real bad thing†¦ I shouldn’t of did that’† (Steinbeck 92), after killing Curley’s wife. Despite Lennie’s remorse, he does not grasp the severity and the consequences of his actions. This is not so much due to Lennie’s slowness but more because of George’s protective nature, preventing Lennie from ever having to face any consequences. Nonetheless, George sees that Lennie is unable to learn from his mistakes and fears the pattern is going to continue and that he is unable to change Lennie. George feels justified in killing Lennie because he knows that in the long run he would be able to spare many other lives and prevent Lennie from all the pain and anguish from the remorse Lennie feels after his aggressions. George’s decision to kill his best friend is to prevent a horrific and undeserved fate that awaits Lennie unless there is some intervention. He does not want Lennie to be killed by Curley or sent to jail. George clearly can sense Curley’s anger and vindictive nature about Lennie killing his wife. It is quite apparent that Curley wants justice and revenge and is determined to make Lennie suffer: â€Å"Curleys face reddened. ‘I’m goin Im gonna shoot the guts outta that big bastard myself† (Steinbeck 98). Shooting Lennie in the gut would cause he him to slowly bleed to death, ensuring a long, painful death. Even if Curley is not to succeed in killing Lennie in this gruesome manner, the other likely outcome is that Lennie is sentenced and put in jail for potentially a lifetime. Initially, in light of the possibility of Curley’s revenge, George considers jail to be a safe haven: â€Å"Guess†¦ We gotta tell the†¦ guys. I guess we gotta get ‘im an’ lock ‘im up. We can’t let ‘im get away ’ And he tries to reassure himself, ‘Maybe they’ll lock ‘im up and be nice to ‘im† (Steinbeck 94). However, upon further consideration, George realizes that Lennie is incapable of living on his own and fending for himself in jail and will not last. Either outcome would result in a miserable and slow death for Lennie, and George could not allow this to happen to his best friend. This is how he reaches the conclusion that it is necessary for George, himself, to kill Lennie in a humane fashion in order to give him a quick and peaceful death. By shooting Lennie himself, George minimizes his own pain for not letting Lennie die at the hands of a stranger and can also control Lennie’s last thoughts and feelings. Earlier on in the novella, Candy feels deep regret for not being the one to end his dog’s life and he tells George, â€Å"’I oughtta shot that dog myself†¦ I shouldn’t oughtta let no stranger shoot my dog’† (Steinbeck 61). Candy and his dog were lifelong friends and companions, as were Lennie and George. Candy’s regret makes a lasting impression and Georges recognizes that he too cannot live letting anyone else take Lennie’s life. Moreover, he ensures that Lennie last moments are filled with joyous thoughts as he strikes up a conversation about Lennie’s favorite topic: â€Å"’And I get to tend the rabbits. ’† (Steinbeck 105) said Lennie, â€Å"‘An’ you get to tend the rabbits. ’†(Steinbeck 105) responded George, then â€Å"Lennie giggled with happiness. † (Steinbeck 105). And lastly, as Georges last act of friendship, he reassures Lennie with his final words that is he is not mad at Lennie nor that he’s ever been. This is to award Lennie with as much peace as a friend could. Overall, Lennie is in a much better place once he dies. He does not to suffer a long and painful death; he would not hurt any other humans or animals and is spared the resulting remorse. George feels great loss and is shaken afterward despite knowing he is justified in actions. This is a compassionate homicide and George is a true friend. He looks out for Lennie’s needs and makes sacrifices to the end.

Leila Ahmed A Border Passage

Leila Ahmed A Border Passage Introduction The text ‘A Border Passage’ is one of the most recent works by Leila Ahmed. The central themes include Islam religion, women and the west. Ahmed uses a personal narrative to bring out these themes into the center of discussion. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leila Ahmed A Border Passage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The themes are illustrated when Ahmed explains her previous life, especially as she struggles against issues of identity because of her extensive interaction with numerous cultures. Ahmed intertwines her personal experiences with social and political issues, which surrounded her as an individual and her entire family during the emergence of the Egyptian revolution and Nasser’s ascent on power. This paper provides the discussion and analysis of the Ahmed’s point of view on revolution. It shall also bring the attention to personal factors that will help us unders tand her interpretation of the political upheavals of the Nasser period. Additionally, how, if at all, her opinions shift over time and in relation to the main transitions in her life will be discussed. All these issues will be discussed in relation to the core issue in the book, which is, ‘the process by which our identities are constructed’. Personal factors that help us understand Leila’s interpretation of the political upheavals of the Nasser period Leila’s interpretation of the political upheavals of the Nasser period is depicted mostly through her father. Her father works as the chairman of Hydro-Electric Power Corporation because his expertise as a civil engineer. However, his misfortunes in life start when he decides to oppose Nasser, who is the prime minister. Nasser has planned to construct the Aswan High Dam. According to Nasser, it is important for this dam to be constructed on ecologically clear ground. Construction of this dam is also someth ing that will earn the Nasser regime fame and recognition. Therefore, anyone who opposes the project is seen as an enemy of the regime and has to suffer the consequences of their opposition. The building of the dam is also believed to be very beneficial to the country because it will enable Egypt to undertake many modernization projects as well as help Egypt break ties with countries such as France and England. Ahmed’s father is one person who suffers a lot in the hand’s of Nasser’s regime for choosing to oppose the building of the Aswan High Dam. He sticks so firm to his decision that he even publishes a book with the same message of opposition against this project. Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The books are destroyed by the government. The government takes further stern measures against him for rebelling against the project. His finances and other personal affairs, including his family life, are interfered with and things become very difficult for him and his family. Ahmed’s education is also another factor that helps one understand her interpretation of the political upheavals during the Nasser regime. This is because her desire to pursue education overseas is almost cut short by this regime due to her father’s opposition to the Aswan High Dam project. She is also reads a lot of western literature as she is young. Therefore, she develops an intrinsic desire to study in Cambridge. When pursuing her doctorate, Ahmed chooses to write her dissertation on a person that is not liked by Arab nationalists. The dissertation is on a British figure known as Edward William. This shows how her early life, which involved reading a lot of material from the west, influenced her even to the point of writing a dissertation on someone she was aware was disliked by the Arab nationalists. Leila’s personal view on the revolution There was a revolution that took place in Egypt in 1952. Consequently, Gamal Abdel Nasser came into power and his presence in the government as the prime minister brought about some major changes in Egypt. The changes included introduction of a new era of Arab nationalism. This was not a good thing for Ahmed and her family because it marked the beginning of upheaval for the entire family. After her father vehemently opposed the construction of the proposed Aswan high dam, he was laid off by the Nasser regime. Ahmed’s father failed to support the project because he saw it as an act that was politically motivated. He also saw the proponents as being inconsiderate of the long-term implications it would have on the nation. His decision to oppose Nasser regime’s project was seen as the highest form of treason because of the existence of a severe nationalism system and he suffered because of it. To Ahmed, her father’s position to oppose this project nearly cost her the opportunity to study abroad. As a result of the revolution that was ongoing within the government, Ahmed felt obliged to evaluate her identity once again. She was concerned about her friends, who came from different nationalities and who were then considered as, ‘the other’ due to the nationalism practice by the Egyptian government. Because of her father’s opposition against the Nasser regime, Ahmed’s family was also placed in the category of the ‘other’ because of their perceived interest in the west, especially in terms of the culture and education. The revolution had disrupted the peaceful co-existence among people of various religious and racial backgrounds.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leila Ahmed A Border Passage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ahmed is critical of the revolution and Nasser’s rule. This is mainly because of the current uph eaval in her country as a result of the revolution and her father’s refusal to support some of the proposed projects (Ahmed 164). Ahmed does not support Nasser’s revolution. She is of the opinion that the revolution has put a veil on people’s eyes by giving them high hopes that are impossible to be realized. Moreover, questioning what Nasser and his regime were doing was forbidden. Ahmed (172) observes that this gave Nasser room to do whatever he wanted without any restriction. How Leila’s opinions shift over time and in relation to the main transitions in her life Ahmed discusses two themes, which are dominant in her book. They are Arab nationalism and misconception of the Islam religion by the west. It is these themes that she dwells in throughout the discussion. The same themes cause her to shift her opinion on some things, while she holds on others due to her past belief. Ahmed remains a vocal critic of nationalism in Egypt. To show her seriousness a bout the issues of Arab nationalism, Ahmed writes her views on a whole chapter in her recent text. She dedicates this chapter to express her dissatisfaction with the concept of Arab nationalism because it fails to foster harmonious coexistence among people from different racial or religious backgrounds. Concerning misconception of the Islam religion by the west, especially regarding the religion’s application to women, Ahmed clarifies that the Islam religion is not oppressive as perceived by the western people. She addresses these questions as she takes readers through the process of the reconstruction of her identity, in spite of the social and political challenges she goes through. As she takes the reader through the journey of the revolution taking place in Egypt as well as the journey of trying to demystify the Islam religion to the west, Ahmed describes the journey that she takes to the self in a bid to come up with her own identity. Growing up as a young Muslim woman, Ahmed did not have the chance to attend religious classes because of her father’s past nasty experience in the hands of the teachers in these classes. Therefore, she discovers on her own that there is what she calls ‘lived’ Islam and the other more oppressive form of Islam practiced by most of the Islamic states. She decides to take upon herself the duty of enlightening the west on the positive side of the Islam religion, especially regarding its application to the women.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion In building her own identity, Ahmed uses the vast experience she has accumulated through her travel abroad and interaction with people of different social and racial backgrounds. This experience has helped her to write the book. Ahmed has had a taste of the cultures practiced by the Arabs and the people in the west. She is aware of what she calls ‘lived’ Islam and the other form she terms as ‘oppressive Islam’. She has gone through the Egyptian and the western education systems. She has been racially discriminated by teachers and fellow students while she was studying in western countries. This vast experience has helped her balance her views in this text. She does not write in a straightforward manner about what she thinks is right or wrong, but she maintains a balanced view. Ahmed, Leila. A Border Passage: From Cairo to America A Womans Journey. New York: Penguin Putnam Inc, 1999. Print.

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 17

Project Management - Essay Example This event hoped to raise money for charity, will include many kinds of sporting activities including skiing, darting, water rowing, table tennis and somersaulting among others. The recruitment exercise for participants in each category will be done in good time and communicated to the entire community. Members of Grand Sunrise area will be requested to turn up for this great event. This year’s competitions are more than the ordinary since activities have been sponsored to 1200 Pounds enable more participation and contribution to the event. The event dubbed ‘run 360’ to take place on 15 July 2012 is aimed at making the participants complete a circle of every event performed. The participants will be awarded according to the performance. To make the sport lively, a live music band will be invited to grace the occasion and entertain guests while preparations to begin kicks off. The music band will be members of the oxygen band who happen to be from grand sunrise area. Upon completion of the event the patron will reward the winners and give a closing speech. The patron will also be expected to give an expenditure brief of what was raised, used and the balance which will be used to fund a project for the mentally challenged in Lower Norwich rehabilitation facility. The competition ‘run 360’ is expected to draw about 65 participants and about 800 spectators. Since the onset to the sporting activities, the youth have been upbeat and happy that their holidays are well spent and are taking it to the next level by not only participating but also making a contribution to charity of their choice. The schools management and government education department have regularly advised parents and guardians to support and engage their children in sports as a way of promoting teamwork, partnerships and acceptable behavior. The event will be poised to bond the youth, parents and other guests who will attend the event. To

Emergency assignment for the subject Supply Chain Management. Writer Essay

Emergency assignment for the subject Supply Chain Management. Writer MUST be ON TIME. Writer also needs to send me references files which you used. Writer nee - Essay Example Some of the books will be Supply Chain Management: In theory and Practice, by Birgit Dam Jespersen and Tage Skjtt-Larsen, as well as another book called Supply Chain Management: Concepts and Cases, by Rahul V Altekar. While the first book discusses the basics that form the conception of supply chain management, the second book discusses various cases that help demonstrate the elements of this concept in a better way. Further, the journal articles will focus on the work produced by the Supply Chain Management Professionals, so as to gain an insight into this area of operational significance in the organisation. These journal articles will include Coordinated Supply Chain Management by D. J Thomas and P. M Griffin, for the European Journal of Operational Research. Apart from such articles, there will be a strong focus on Internet sources like www.bettermanagement.com which describes various strategies as well as business policies that support systems like supply chain management and knowledge management. Texan Foods is a company founded and based in Texas, near Amarillo. Born in the year 1941, this company has grown from strength to strength to consolidate its standing as one of the best gourmet chain which specialises in grocery products. Their line of products includes croissants, English muffins as well as exotic sandwich breads, buns and other baked goods like tortillas. Besides being a household name by the mid 90s with ample support from a former oil businessman, R.L (Buddy) Howlett, who was its founder and a successful entrepreneur, this company had come to employ a major supplier who went by name of Valley. (Autry, 2005)2 As a big manufacturing company, it has been demonstrated that Texan has a very poor system of supply chain management as far as its model of collaboration, planning, forecasting and replenishment (CPFR), is concerned. To start with, let us describe the exact nuances of supply chain management, in context of the CPFR model. Supply chain management (SCM) may be defined as that sphere of activities that takes place in context of planning, implementing, and controlling the operations. These operations or activities, in turn, are connected with the management of the supply chain so as to effectively cater to the requirements of the customer and gain complete satisfaction of the same through a focus on optimum ulisation of resources. (Atlekar, 2005)3 In this regard, supply chain management deals with all activities pertaining to the mobilisation, storage as well as an account of the semi finished and finished products that are of value to the end user. (Hugos, 2005)4 In this context, various scholars have also refered to this form and area of management as logistics as it connects the quantitative areas of assessment with the qualitative goal achievement progress of the organisation. These areas have been assessed in Texan, through inputs from two officials who are connected with the operational realities of the supply chain management system followed at Texan. Chapter 1.2: Problem Areas In this regard, Texan

The Cold War An Introduction History Essay

The Cold War An Introduction History Essay The Cold war is a period of sustained political and military duress and unrest between the Western Superpowers, viz. The USA Of America , and its NATO allies , and the  communist world, led by the erstwhile  Soviet Union, its  satellite states and allies 1947 1991. It occurred post the 2nd world war, and was a mixture of religious crusade in favour of one ideology or the other, and of the most ruthless power politics, striking out for advantage or expansion not only in Europe but all over the world.  [1]   The war was cold only in that the USA and USSR never fought each other in a direct military confrontation, but both superpowers threatened each o with  nuclear annihilation  and participated frequently in proxy wars by supporting allied nations in numerous hot wars in places like  Korean,  Vietnam), and  Angola. The Cold War defined both countries foreign policies through the second half of the twentieth century, as Americans and Soviets competed for allies to maintain and widen their respective spheres of influence around the world. Each side viewed the Cold War as a battle between civilizations; in the worldwide clash between American capitalism and Soviet Communism, only one could prevail. For more than forty years, the Soviet-American conflict hung heavy over global affairs, shaping the world with massive  military buildups, a never-ending  nuclear arms race, intensive  espionage, and fierce  technological competition  as each side tried to gain the upper hand in preparation for the thermonuclear hot war  all humans feared would someday come.  [2]   The causes of the Cold War. We can divide the causes of the Cold War into two types of causes viz. The underlying causes and the immediate causes. The Underlying Causes are :- (i) Ideological Causes: The USA and the Soviet Union represent two opposing systems of government. In the USA, the government is elected by free elections i.e. the people can form political parties to voice their political opinions. They also possess the right of assembly, of speech and of the press. In the Soviet Union, the government is formed by the Communist Party. The people do not have the right to form their own political parties. They do not enjoy the right of assembly, of speech and of the press. Since these two systems of government are diametrically opposed to one another, there can be little compromise between the USA and the Soviet Union. (ii) Economic Causes: The USA wanted to encourage free trade throughout the world and the USSR wanted to shield off its own sphere from international commerce. Russia feared that trade with the West would involve the risk of Russia being opened to western influences which would have eroded the strength of the totalitarian regime. These differences led to much ill feeling between the USA and the USSR. Immediate Causes of Cold war: Incipient conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States began at the peace-time conferences. Their conflict was intensified after President Truman declared the Truman Doctrine and launched the Marshall Plan in 1947. (i) Extension of Russian influence in Europe: Even before the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union had gradually extended its influence in Europe. By 1944, it controlled a large part of Eastern Europe. By 1945, at the Yalta Conference, the Soviet Union obtained the Curzon Line as its new boundary line with Poland and also gained control of the eastern part of Germany. As the war was drawing to a close in May 1945, the Soviet Union quickly consolidated its control of eastern Europe. (ii) The reactions of the United States: Despite the increasing Russian influence in eastern and central Europe, many politicians in the United States were optimistic about the chances of co-operation with the Soviet Union after the war and did not advocate strong resistance against Russian expansion. But from May 1945 onwards, the situation was changed. The U.S. government favoured a policy of strong resistance against Russia. This was because President Roosevelt -who was optimistic, believed that though eastern Europe had fallen under the influence of Russia, Russia would keep its promise made at Yalta by setting up freely elected parliamentary governments in the area and so did not advocate strong resistance against Russian expansion- died on April 12, 1945. He was succeeded by Harry S. Truman who was a complete contrast to Roosevelt. He did not believe the communists. He thought that the communists would not set up democratic governments in Eastern Europe. He also believed that after the Soviet Union had established its control in Eastern Europe, it would continue to extend its influence into Western Europe. Thus President Truman favoured a policy of strong resistance against Russian expansion. The  second reason  was that just before the Potsdam Conference was to take place, the United States had successfully exploded its atomic bomb. President Truman thought that since the United States alone possessed the atomic bomb, it could adopt a stiff attitude towards Russian expansion in Europe. The  third reason  was that President Truman was disgusted at the non-co-operative attitude of the Russians at the Potsdam Conference where Russia was determined to exact heavy reparations from Germany. Russia also accused the British of upholding a reactionary monarchy in Greece and supporting an Italian Fascist regime in Trieste. Stalin also blocked Trumans proposal on the internationalization of all principal waterways. (iii) Poor relations between the United States and the Soviet Union: The deteriorating relations between the Soviet Union  and the United States were reflected in two minor incidents in the year. Land-Lease was abruptly terminated by the United States and the Russian request for American economic aid for the purposes of post-war reconstruction was ignored by the government of the United States.  (During the Second World War, the U.S. supplied much war material to the Allied nations through a Lend and Lease programme. As the Lend and Lease programme was suddenly stopped, the war-ravaged Soviet Union could not obtain American material support to help its post-war economic reconstruction.) The poor relations between the East and West were also reflected in a speech by Churchill. In March 1946, Churchill made a speech at Fulton, Missouri in which he said, From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent . Behind that line lie all the capitals of the central and eastern Europe all are subject in one form or another to not only to Soviet influence but also to a very high and increasing control from Moscow.  [3]   (iii) End of World War II and events leading up to the Cold War Once the World War II ended, it was obvious that the alliance between USA, Britain, and USSR would end, as there were tension between the west and the east. The USSR joined the allied forces only after Hitler betrayed them. Also, the huge difference in their political and economic ideologies would not let them stay allied for a long time. The events that led to the Cold war are 1) Yalta Conference (February 1945) Held during the war, on the surface, the Yalta conference seemed successful.  Ã‚   At Yalta, the negotiations went very much in Stalins favour, but this was because Roosevelt wanted Russian help in the Pacific, and was prepared to agree to almost anything as long as Stalin agreed to go to war with Japan.   Although the Conference appeared successful, however, behind the scenes, tension was growing, particularly about reparations, and about Poland.  Ã‚     Ã‚   After the conference, Churchill wrote to Roosevelt that The Soviet Union has become a danger to the free world.   And on their return home both he and Roosevelt were criticized for giving away too much to the Soviets: The Potsdam Conference (July 1945) Serious differences arose over the future of Germany and Eastern Europe , and also Truman Revealed to the USSR that it had a powerful new weapon ( the atomic bomb) which kick started the Nuclear Weapons Race that characterized the Cold War. The Truman Doctrine (March 1947) It was the unofficial policy of the US to stop the spread of communism in Europe and other places which conflicted with the USSRs desire to convert other countries to communism. This also led to the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan (June 1947) This was about US aid to European countries, with which they ended up forming the NATO alliance. Conclusion Summing up, we can say that the main causes of Cold War are the events that run up to it , such as the Truman Doctrine , The Marshall plan , the Potsdam conference and the Yalta Conference , and the conflicts of the USSRs and USAs political and economic ideologies.

David The Great :: essays research papers

Creative Writing: A Hero Adventure David the great was a true hero, I will now tell you why, he went through all of the events that heroes go through such as a departure, initiation and return. He also was a national figure, he led the Romans to victory in war and was well known by all, and was also forced to leave his family in time of need knowing he may never return to see them. So here is the story of David the great. It all started when the Cyclops was released onto the earth from his underground cell and started to torment the world and was destroying city after city until David the great and his loyal army were called upon to stop him. But he was reluctant to leave, for he had just been married to his wife and were expecting a child, and knew he may never see his family ever again. But David knew he should go, for so many lives were at stack not only his own, the people of Rome were also at risk, the giant Cyclops was running wild through the city destroying anyone and anything in his path. So David left for Rome for he knew it was his mission to go and battle the Cyclops with his great army and save the Romans from certain doom. So he left with his army after the tough good bye for Rome. On his way to Rome, David stopped at the temple of Wisdom ,who was the god of knowledge, and asked him how to kill the Cyclops. Wisdom told David that the only way to k ill the Cyclops was to stab him in the eye so he could not see. So David left for Rome and when he and his army got to Rome they saw the destruction that the Cyclops had unleashed onto the city, the buildings were all torn down in heaps of rubble and fires had started in some parts of the city. So David and his army wasted no time and went for the Cyclops, but the Cyclops just picked up the men and ate them like they were little action figures. And then David was the only one left and he and the Cyclops froze for a second when there eyes met, so in all of his rage, the Cyclops picked up a vendor’s cart and hurled it like it was a small rock.

Animal Welfare

Nicole Stengel ENG 122-009 Lawless, Caprice 04/ 11/12 Thesis Confined animal feeding operations (CAFO’s) are more commonly known as factory farms in the United States and are this country’s primary source of animal food products. Mass production of meat in The U. S. has continued to increase industrialization of itself for over the course of a century. As technology within factory farms advances, efficiency increases; profit is the primary goal in mind for these industrial owners.In the 19th century, industrialization of CAFO’s thrived in efficiency and profits with new procedures that divide labor duties, cut expenses and decreased interaction between workers and livestock (Purcell, 61). The most primary difference between CAFO’s and local farming is that CAFO’s are corporately owned, confining hundreds of thousands of animals in small spaces at one time, reducing labor expenses and necessity for land ownership (An Encyclopedia of Issues). Local fa rms are more traditional having an appropriate ratio of livestock to workers.These livestock are less likely to suffer from neglect, abuse or unethical slaughter procedures. The tactics of meat production within CAFO’s such as the forklift and assembly lines, as well as controlled growth rates are least concerned with animal welfare and most concerned with profit as well as production efficiency. The establishers of this industry have been able to increase profits substantially by technological advancements as such devices and the use of growth hormones in livestock to obtain a fortune of income for themselves.Unfortunately, the fortune the establishers continue to earn is handed to them at a detrimental cost to three areas of importance: a) Animal Suffering b) Consumer Health c) Environmental Hazards Animal Suffering Slaughter processes are very brutal within CAFO’s and are usually long lasting in terms of suffering. CAFO livestock are exposed to neglect, abuse, physi cal mutilation and psychological trauma. Most livestock agriculture within CAFO’s are so closely compacted next to each other in tiny cages, they catch diseases from living in each other’s bodily wastes(In-text note).They live in sickly environmental conditions, they do not leave their cages and never see the light of day-except, perhaps when being transported to slaughter. One procedure that occurs prior to slaughter common in CAFO’s is known as, â€Å"stunning† where cows are shot by a metal bolt to the head. Hogs are stricken with an electrical jolt. This, in all is to shock the livestock subject unconscious. However, terrified cows and hogs who attempt inhibition of this process are often left partially, or even completely conscious.Nevertheless, meat production does not slow down at the sake of one subject. The subject will be preceded to slaughter regardless of whether it is conscious or not (Freeman, 66). Chickens, however, were exempted from the H umane Slaughter Act from the stunning process. Instead, they are paralyzed by the dragging of their heads along underwater pools with electrical charges. After they are paralyzed (and fully conscious), they are continued through the slaughter process on machinery that boils them alive and/or chops their heads off consecutively on a fast paced line (Freeman, 78).Calves are kept confined in small crates tied up by their limbs and necks to keep them from moving in order to keep their muscles premature and their meat tender. Meanwhile, their diets are maintained deficient in iron to keep the color of their skin pale. The harsh conditions exposed to calves are willfully condemned upon them by farm operators as a mechanism to obtain a specific taste in the meat. It is not surprising that when compared to all diseases that spread among livestock in CAFO’s, calves are the most susceptible to fatality. Calve deaths range from 15-20% in most â€Å"successful† factory farm operat ions.Other than iron deficiency and confinement, this fatality for calves is also caused by their stress of separation from their mothers (Mason 25). `CAFO’s also process animals are through â€Å"skinning machinery† at fast paces. (Purcell, 71). Regardless as to whether the animal is conscious or not, the fast paces of machinery such as this leaves no time between subjects for any concern for animal welfare. Costs to Public Health On a secondary note, mass production of meat is linked to the spread of salmonellosis and mad cow disease to consumers (Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics).It also contributes to a lack of resistance to antibiotic bacterial infections in consumers because factory farmed animals are fed high doses of antibiotics. Heart disease and stroke are also associated with diets high in meat intake (Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics), especially that of poor quality. Controlled growth rates by the use of hormones such as estrogen and testostero ne in livestock also play a role in public health hazards, in addition to mechanisms for profit and industrialization. The average U. S. citizen consumes 607 pounds of animal products yearly.Many nutritionists believe USDA Dietary Guideline Advisory Committee to be excessive in protein anyway (Mason, 113). Animal sources of protein are rich in cholesterol and polyunsaturated fat. Consider this, The United States is one of the most obese countries in the world. Our food guide pyramid is much different from other parts of the world with nutrition habits clinically proven to be more beneficial, such as the Mediterranean Diet. According to Andrea Cespedes in a comparison between the two pyramids, protein portions are much larger for a daily value recommendation on the USDA chart when compared to that of the Mediterranean’s. Nuts and seeds, as well as beans, are grouped with meats, poultry and fish. Nuts and seeds are not foundation foods for the USDA pyramid† (Cespedes). Fi sh are rich in polyunsaturated fat, an essential fatty acid to the body. It is not surprising that the USDA Food Pyramid puts a stronger emphasis on animal proteins than the Mediterranean Pyramid, requiring some of them to be served in school lunch programs-many USDA Reps are financially tied to the meat industry! In 1998, the USDA elected six representatives out of eleven onto the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Freeman, 98).These fattening meats infused with growth hormones (testosterone or estrogen) that are recommended for children may be a reasonable explanation for peculiar bra sizes and premature sweating in some young girls. Technological upgrades and new mechanisms of industrialization also play a large role in the CAFO costs to consumer health. Upgrades are used to cut expenses and to increase product quantities in order to increase profits for the industries. Purcell demonstrates a strong example of this concept. †¦Mechanization of slaughterhouse facilities, wh ich made killing a rapid, iecemeal, impersonal process. The knocker alone would confront live animals and quickly send them down the line as immobile carouses. Divided labor meant a series of discrete and relatively simple tasks for the largely unskilled and poorly paid immigrant workers (Purcell, 62). Procedures as such, indeed are the mechanisms that make the mass production of meat a multi-billion dollar industry accounting for unjust and dangerous working conditions for slaughterhouse workers and hazards to the health for consumers of these products. Costs to the EnvironmentOn a third note, CAFO’s inflict a variety of hazards to the environment. Animal waste is absorbed into the ground and distributes pollution to water. The consumption of electricity in CAFO’s is extremely demanding. Greenhouse gases that emit into the air from these establishments warm the earth deteriorating the atmosphere. According to the Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics, over 8 billion animals are slaughtered in CAFO’s every year. This generates 1. 4 billion tons of manure-which is 130 times more than humans produce in an equal time period.Excessive animal waste seeps into waters polluting living environments for fish and the water sources the public drinks from. Methane is a greenhouse gas more potent than carbon dioxide and is most commonly produced by farm animals (Brickman). Excessive emissions from gases as such heat the earth, destroying ecosystems and lead us in the direction of global warming. Fossil fuel is another leading cause of Global Warming (Campbell, 1239) and is released in excess from high energy usage of CAFO’s. Although J.Patrick Boyle, President and CEO of the American Meat Institute (AMI) assured Wayne Pacelle, President and CEO of the Humane Society of the United States (AHSUS), â€Å"The AMI is an ethically appropriate organization as the entire establishment is committed to the welfare of animals,† evidence provided by Pacelle supported that CAFO livestock are beaten and tortured to death (qtd in Clemmit. ) According to Pacelle, from his testimony before Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture in 2008, a staff member of the AHSUS had been andomly selected to investigate the Hallmark/Westland Meat Packing Co. in Southern California under-cover as a factory worker. Pacelle had not been surprised by the report he had received back from the investigator. He filmed workers ramming cows with the blades of a forklift, jabbing them in the eyes, applying painful electric shocks to sensitive areas, dragging them with chains pulled by heavy machinery and torturing them with a high pressure water hose to stimulate drowning, all in attempts to force crippled animals to walk to slaughter. Shortly after this investigation, AHSUS discovered, â€Å"Hallmark/Westland had been previously cited for mishandling animals. Incidents as such, accounting for animal abuse and suffering are common among CAFO†™s across the United States and it is clear the USDA and the AMI could strive for a higher quality conditions of life for livestock. The AMI is not concerned with life quality-only industrialization efficiency. The USDA does not hold regulatory requirements firm enough to regulate adequate life quality for livestock in CAFO’s. J.Patrick Boyle of the AMI claims, â€Å"The AMI seek not only to meet the regulatory requirements but to exceed them† (Qtd. in Clemmitt)). Unfortunately, USDA does not regulate frequently enough to ensure such a deal. Most commonly, the USDA is aware of animal suffering and inadequate living conditions provided for them. The AHSUS investigator reported that, during his undercover investigation, an agent from the USDA visited the establishment. He claimed, â€Å"the agent was present twice daily in the living area-which he merely noted animals who could not stand yet approved the rest for slaughter. It may have been appropriate for the USDA re presentative to investigate these animals in greater depth after the sighting of sick and injured livestock. It is clear that the responsibility for animal welfare should not be left in hands of the AMI or the USDA-their standards for animal welfare are not adequate enough. The AMI has far too many animals to care-take each one individually and the USDA is not present frequently enough to regulate already low standards.After all, the primary responsibility of the USDA is food, not animal welfare. Livestock agriculture is in dire need of regulatory welfare requirements that will protect their well being adequately instead of minimally. In addition, it also needs inspectors who will enforce these regulations firmly as the AMI is solely in the business for the sake of profit; not animal welfare. As of now, regulatory inspections of CAFO’s are not performed with the carefulness necessary to ensure a quality way of life for livestock. J.Patrick Boyle of the AMI stands that the mea t industry provides adequate living for livestock and there is no need for additional welfare standards within CAFO’s. Proven numerous times, requirements are often not met and regulators are dis-concerned with the matter. Something more must be done to increase animal welfare requirements for livestock agriculture. Conclusion Establishers of CAFO’s are only concerned with industrialization and profit; their livestock is abused, neglected and they suffer slow, painful deaths.Livestock growth control is another method of industrialization, deigned for profit at the cost of health for animals and consumers. CAFO’s exhibit severe environmental hazards such as global warming from greenhouse gases and pollution from animal use in addition to excess animal waste. Low quality meat-a product of mass production spreads diseases. It is the responsibility of USDA affiliates to regulate these conditions. However, this responsibility should be taken far more seriously by inc rease of welfare requirements and inspections that are performed more frequently as well as efficiently.